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Definition
| senses that involve receptors located in skin, muscles, tendons, organs, and joints |
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| senses that are housed in special organs in head such as in eye, ear, nose, and taste buds. |
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Definition
| provide sense of smell in upper region of nasal cavity. |
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| location of bipolar neurons |
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Definition
| embedded in layer of columnar epithelial cells, which have microvilli and covered with film of mucus |
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| olfactory cilia on surface contain |
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Definition
| olfactory receptor proteins which bind to and interact with odor producing molecules |
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| olfactory receptor cells characteristics |
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Definition
| die every 60 days and replaced by new ones |
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| Regions of brain receiving info on odors |
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Definition
| olfactory cortex to hippocampus/amygdala, or to thalamus, cerebral cortex/frontal lobes |
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Term
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Definition
| Molecules bind to olfactory receptor protein, it produces a generator potential that increases rate of impulse firing of the receptor cell in proportion to intensity of the stimulus. Intensity of stimulus determined by the number of molecules of odoriferous substance dissolved in mucus covering olfactory epithelium. |
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Term
| anatomy of taste receptors |
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Definition
| bundled together, modified epithelial cells, 40-60 in one taste bud, receptor cells die every 10 days and replaced with new ones from basal cells. |
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Term
| synaptic contacts of taste receptors with which nerve fibers |
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Definition
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Term
| signal traveling from taste buds |
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Definition
| cranial nerves to medulla where they synapse with neurons in gustatory nucleus in medulla. From medulla signals pass to thalamus, which relays them to post central gyrus and insula of cerebral cortex close to somatosensory area for tongue |
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Definition
| Bitter, Sweet, Sour, Salty, Ummami |
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Definition
| 50-100 taste cells representing ALL 5 test sensations |
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Definition
Determines how intensely you taste a food.
Bitter, somewhat bitter, no taste |
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| Relationship with smell, taste, and flavor |
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Definition
| Must stimulate taste and olfactory receptor cells to get a FLAVOR |
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Term
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Definition
| posterior part of eye (white) which is a dense fibrous connective tissue; not organized; scatters light |
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Definition
| anterior part of eye; outer layer is transparent window of eye. Few cells and no blood vessels. consists of many naked nerve endings |
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Definition
| numerous blood vessels and melanocytes; prevent light from being reflected around interior of the eye and confusing the image; contain blood vessels; help convey nutrients to the retinal pigmented epithelium and neural retina |
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Term
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Definition
| receive focused light from lens and convert this light to neural signals and send these signals to the brain. |
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Term
| Accessory Structures of eye |
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Definition
Eyelids
Lacrimal Apparatus
Extraocular Muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| moved by orbicularis oris and levator palpebrae superioris muscles. |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of lacrimal gland located in the orbit and a series of tubes that convey the tear fluid into nasal cavity |
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Definition
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Definition
| rotates eye downward and toward midline |
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Definition
| rotates eye upward and toward midline |
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Definition
| rotates eye toward midline |
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Definition
| rotates eye away from midline |
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Definition
| rotates eye upward and away from midline |
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Term
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Definition
| rotates eye downward and away from midline |
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Term
| 5 neural cells in neural retina |
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Definition
Photoreceptors
Bipolar Cells
Ganglion Cells
Amacrine Cells
Horizontal Cells |
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Term
| Name of glial cell found in retina |
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Definition
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Definition
| 75 percent of the refractive power of eye |
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Term
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Definition
25 percent of the refractive power of eye
Fine adjustment for focus |
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Term
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Definition
| process of adjusting the power of the lens depending on whether we are viewing a near or distant object |
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Term
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Definition
| convex lens to increase power of eye and focus near objects on retina |
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Term
| Hyperopia (farsightedness) |
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Definition
| farsightedness (eyeballs are too short so use convex lens to correct) |
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Term
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Definition
| eyeball too long, light rays focused in front of retina (concave lens to correct to decrease power of eye) |
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Term
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Definition
caused by irregular curvature of cornea.
either vertical or horizontal lines brought in focus |
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Term
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Definition
| condition where lens loses its transparency and becomes opaque, either partially or completely |
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Term
| Structure of rhodopsin when it absorbs light |
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Definition
| becomes straight so 11 cis retinal to all trans retinal (Hydrolyzed from opsin). initiates series of events that lead to membrane hyperpolarization |
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Term
| Lights effect on membrane potential of photoreceptor |
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Definition
| sodium channels close and membrane potential is hyperpolarized |
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Term
| Darkness effect on membrane potential of photoreceptor |
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Definition
| depolarization; sodium channels leaky and membrane is party depolarized |
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Term
| transmission of signals from photoreceptor to optic nerve |
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Definition
| Photoreceptor membrane hyperpolarization is an increase in the firing rate of the ganglion cells, which transmit action potentials up their axons to lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus |
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Term
| Young-Helmholtz Theory of Color Vision |
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Definition
| colors are made of 3 primary colors: red, green, blue light |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
need 2 colors to match any color or white light
1.Protanopes: match all colors with green and blue
2.Deuteranopes: match all colors with red and blue
3.Tritanopes: rare dichromates who can match all colors with red and green |
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Term
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Definition
| people who can't distinguish colors at all *they are truly color blind |
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Term
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Definition
increased sensitivity to dark.
-Regeneration of rhodopsin molecules that have been bleached in daylight outside
*convert all trans isomer to 11-cis and returns it to retina
*Rod outer segment, bleached rhodopsin releases all-trans retinal to become reduced to all-trans retinol (Vitamin A)
*All trans retinol leaves rod outer segment and passes into the pigment epithelium. Then isomerized back to 11 cis retinol, converted back to 11-cis retinal and transported back to rod outer segment. |
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