Term
| skeleton of anterior thoracic wall consists of |
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Definition
| sternum (manubrium, body, xiphoid process), ribs, costal cartilage |
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Term
| features of the sternum include |
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Definition
| suprasternal (jugular) notch, sternal angle, xiphisternal joint |
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Term
| what is the steranal angle? |
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Definition
| joint between the manubrium and the body of the sternum; at level of 2nd costal cartilages and level of intervetebral disc 4 |
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Term
| what is the xiphisternal joint? |
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Definition
| joint between the body of the sternum and the xiphoid process; indicates level of the diaphragm |
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Term
| how many pairs of true, false, and floating ribs are there? |
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Definition
| 7 pairs of true ribs, that attach directly to the sternum, 5 pairs of false ribs that articulate with the cartilage of the ribs above, 2 pairs of floating ribs that end in the musculature |
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Term
| which pairs of ribs are true ribs |
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Definition
|
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Term
| which pairs of ribs are false ribs? |
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Definition
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Term
| which pairs of ribs are floating ribs? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the landmarks of a typical rib bone (rib 3-9)? |
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Definition
| head articulates with vertebral bodies, neck, tubricle for articulation with transverse process of lower of the 2 vertebrae with which the head articulates, shaft with a posterolateral angle and a costal groove on the inferior of the rib |
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Term
| what is the intercostal space and what is in the space? |
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Definition
| space between ribs filled with external, internal, and innermost intercostal muscles, as well as blood vessels and nerves |
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Term
| describe external intercostal muscles |
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Definition
| run obliquely and downward, only goes to the chondrocostal junction, that space is filled with transparent external intercostal membrane |
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Term
| describe interal intercostal muscles |
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Definition
| middle layer, run perpendicular to the external intercostal muscles, extend to the sternum and are visible thru the external intercostal membrane |
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Term
| describe the innermost intercostal muscles |
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Definition
| also considered the deep part of the internal intercostal muscles, Has a discontinuous muscle layer with innermost intercostal muscles laterally, subcostal muscles posteriorly, and transversus thoracis muscles anteriorly; membranous areas may separate these components; Is separated from the internal intercostal layer by the intercostal nerve and vessels |
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Term
| name the order for the intercostal blood vessels and nerve |
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Definition
| vein is superior, artery is middle, nerve is inferior |
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Term
| what is the function of the intercostal muscles? |
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Definition
| still being debated, at the least they prevent intercostal spaces from bulging out during expiration and sucked inward during inspiration, also maintain spacing of ribs |
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Term
| what innervates intercostal muscles? |
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Definition
| intercostal nerves from the anterior rami of T1-11; subcostal nerve is from anterior ramus of T12, located below 12th rib |
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Term
| where do the anterior cutaneous branches of the intercostal nerves emerge into the superfiscial fascia? |
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Definition
| just lateral to the sternum |
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Term
| where does the lateral cutaneous branches pierce the intercostal and serratus anterior muscles |
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Definition
|
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Term
| describe posterior intercostal arteries |
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Definition
| from the thoracic aorta, except those for intercostal spaces 1-2, which come from a branch of the subclavian artery |
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Term
| describe anterior intercostal arteries |
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Definition
| intercostal spaces 1-6 from the internal thoracic arteries and to spaces 7-10 from the musculophrenic branches of the internal thoracic arteries |
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Term
| where is the abdominal region? |
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Definition
| between the thorax and the pelvis, extends up into the ribs to the inferior side of the diaphragm and down into the hip bones |
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Term
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Definition
| muscular abdominal wall and the vertebral column, extends up into ribs and down into pelvis |
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Term
| inferior boundaries of abdomen |
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Definition
| right/left wings of ileum, muscles of anterior abdominal wall attach to the iliac crests laterally and the pubic bones anteriorly |
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Term
| how many abdominal muscle layers are there? |
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Definition
| 3 and they correspond to those in the intercoastal spaces in the thorax |
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Term
| describe most superficial layer of abdominal muscles |
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Definition
| External oblique muscle, which has a flat tendon (external oblique aponeurosis) extending to the midline and helping to form the anterior layer of the sheath for the rectus abdominis muscle |
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Term
| what makes up the inguinal ligament? |
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Definition
| The inferior free edge of the external oblique aponeurosis between the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic tubercle is rolled under to form the inguinal ligament |
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Term
| the inguinal ligament contains what in men? in women? |
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Definition
| In males, inguinal ligament holds the spermatic cord, in females it holds the round ligament of the uterus |
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Term
| describe the internal oblique muscle |
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Definition
| Lies deep to the external oblique with fibers running superomedially, perpendicular to those of the external oblique |
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Term
| the internal oblique muscle's aponeurosis surrounds what muscle and forms the anterior and posterior layers of it's sheath? |
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Definition
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Term
| which muscle lies deep to the internal oblique muscle and what does it do? |
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Definition
| transverse abdominis muscle helps to form the posterior layer of the rectus sheath |
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Term
| what makes up the conjoint tendon and what is it's other name? |
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Definition
| inferomedial fibers of internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscle to form the falx inguinalis |
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Term
| what does the conjoint tendon do? |
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Definition
| it arches over the spermatic cord to attach to the pubic crest and pecten pubis |
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Term
| where is the rectus abdominis muscle? |
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Definition
| Extends vertically upward from the pubic crest to costal cartilages 5-7 |
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Term
| the rectus sheath is made up of |
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Definition
| the aponeuroses of the three flat abdominal muscles |
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Term
| what is the arcuate line? |
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Definition
| Arcuate line is about ½ way between the inguinis and the pubic symphysis |
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Term
| describe the rectus sheath ABOVE the arcuate line |
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Definition
| Arcuate line is about ½ way between the inguinis and the pubic symphysis |
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Term
| describe the rectus sheath BELOW the arcuate line |
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Definition
| all three aponeuroses passing anterior to the rectus abdominis; the posterior surface of the rectus is in contact with transversalis fascia |
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Term
| what is the function of the abdominal wall muscles? |
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Definition
| move the trunk and increase intra-abdominal pressure |
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Term
| how do the abdominal muscles move the trunk? |
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Definition
| Contracting bilaterally, they flex the trunk; Contracting unilaterally, one external oblique and the contralateral internal oblique rotate and bend the trunk toward the side of the internal oblique |
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Term
| what happens when the abdominal muscles increase intra-abdominal pressure? |
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Definition
| Help empty the bladder and rectum, Help with forceful expiration of air from the lungs (e.g., in coughing), Aid in childbirth |
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Term
| why is the inguinal region weak? |
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Definition
| it contains a passageway, the inguinal canal, that transmits the spermatic cord in males and the round ligament of the uterus in females |
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Term
| what lies superior to the medial half of the inguinal ligament? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the inguinal canal? |
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Definition
| an oblique passage directed inferiorly and medially through the abdominal wall from the deep inguinal ring, an outpouching of transversalis fascia, to the superficial inguinal ring in the external oblique aponeurosis |
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Term
| what are the boundaries of the inguinal canal? |
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Definition
| anterior wall formed mainly by the external oblique aponeurosis with reinforcement laterally from the internal oblique aponeurosis, a posterior wall formed mainly by transversalis fascia reinforced medially by the conjoint tendon, A roof formed by the arching fibers of the internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles, a floor formed by the inguinal ligament reinforced medially by the lacunar ligament |
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Term
| what passes thru the inguinal canal? |
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Definition
| the spermatic cord in the male and the round ligament of the uterus in the female |
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Term
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Definition
| the protrusion of an organ or other structure from its normal anatomic enclosure |
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Term
| is a hernia congenital or acquired defect in the abdominal wall? |
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Definition
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Term
| inguinal hernias account for how many abdominal hernias? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is an inguinal hernia? |
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Definition
| protrusions of parietal peritoneum and viscera (e.g., small intestine) from the abdominal cavity through an opening or weak spot in the abdominal wall |
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Term
| what is an indirect inguinal hernia? |
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Definition
| follows the path of descent of the testis through the abdominal wall |
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Term
| what is a direct inguinal hernia? |
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Definition
| push directly through the abdominal wall more medially |
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Term
| which inguinal hernia is more common, direct or indirect? |
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Definition
| indirect, and happens in both males/females but is more common in males |
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Term
| what is the path of an indirect inguinal hernia? |
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Definition
| Leaves the abdominal cavity lateral to the inferior epigastric artery, follows the path of descent of the testis through the inguinal canal and exits the superficial inguinal ring |
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Term
| what is an outpocketing of the peritoneal cavity? |
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Definition
| persistent processus vaginalis, a congenital inguinal hernia |
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Term
| can persistent processus vaginalis happen in women? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is entrapment/incarceration of an indirect inguinal hernia? |
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Definition
| bowel obstruction; requires surgical intervention to repair hernia |
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Term
| what is strangulation of an indirect inguinal hernia? |
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Definition
| loss of blood supply; requires surgical intervention to repair hernia |
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Term
| what is the path of a direct inguinal hernia? |
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Definition
| Leaves the abdominal cavity medial to the inferior epigastric artery, pushes directly into the inguinal canal through or around a weak conjoint tendon |
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Term
| what is the Hesselbach's triangle and why is it important? |
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Definition
| inguinal triangle formed by the inferior epigastric artery laterally, the rectus abdominis medially, and inguinal ligament inferiorly where a direct inguinal hernia protrudes |
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Term
| is a direct inguinal hernia acquired or congenital? |
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Definition
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Term
| is a direct inguinal hernia more or less likely to descend into a scrotum than a direct inguinal hernia? |
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Definition
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