Term
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Definition
| No membrane-bound NUCLEUS |
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Term
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Definition
| Discrete organelles, membrane bound nucleus (Aerobic respiration) |
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Term
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Definition
| Kingdom: Prokaryotic, single celled. PRODUCERS and CONSUMERS Ex.(Archaebacteria) |
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Term
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Definition
| Kingdom: Single Celled, photosynthetic producers Ex(Algae, protozoans) |
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Term
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Definition
| Kingdom:Multicellular decomposers |
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Term
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Definition
| Kingdom:multicellular producers(photosynthetic) |
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Term
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Definition
| Kingdom:multicellular consumers |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemosynthetic, photosynthetic |
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Term
| What is the earliest evidence of life on earth? |
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Definition
| Carbon: small 13C/12C ratio indicates biological process (12C is organic carbon) |
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Term
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Definition
| thin layers of photosynthetic cyanobacteria mixed with mud |
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Term
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Definition
| FIRST MULTICELLED ANIMALS:jellylike creatures. represent first jump in evolution from single-cell eukaryotes |
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Term
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Definition
metabolism:used by all organisms until atmosphere oxygenated INEFFICIENT, LACKS ENERGY NEEDED FOR COMPLEX ORGANELLES
Converts CARBOHYDRATES to ALCOHOL |
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Term
| why did lack of oxygen prevent evolution of complex organisms? |
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Definition
| Anaerobic metabolism was inefficient Need for large SURFACE to VOLUME ratio kept cells small CANT FORM MULTICELLED ORGANISMS |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| source of pre-biotic atmosphere |
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Definition
| Atmosphere caused by IMPACT DEGASSING, VOLCANIC DEGASSING |
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Term
| Composition of modern atmosphere |
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Definition
| Atmosphere full of greenhouse gases increasing due to human activity |
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Term
| How did the atmosphere become oxygenated? |
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Definition
Caused by the evolution of cyanobacteria:
Prokaryotes using PHOTOSYNTHESIS |
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Term
| Effect of Photosynthesis on atmosphere |
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Definition
| This process decreased CO2 and CH4(methane) in the atmosphere by oxygenating the atmosphere |
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Term
| How was the rise of atmospheric oxygen recorded? |
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Definition
| Banded Iron Formations (BIF): as the iron in this rock oxidized, BIF's were deposited. |
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Term
| Banded Iron Formations (BIFs) |
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Definition
| sedimentary marine rocks rich in iron oxide |
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Term
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Definition
| The paradox of how the sun(25% weaker 3.8 billion years ago) could have allowed liquid water on Earth |
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Term
| Solution to the faint young sun paradox |
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Definition
| Higher greenhouse gas effects (heat retention) made up for the lack of heat from the sun. |
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Term
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Definition
Mutation
Natural Selection
Isolation
Migration |
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Term
| How do new species originate? |
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Definition
| When genetically different organisms don't interbreed with rest of population, evolution happens. |
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Term
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Definition
| New genetic traits appear in population (Error in DNA replication, most unfavorable evolution) |
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Term
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Definition
| Traits favorable to survival more likely to be passed to successive generations |
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Term
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Definition
| Subset of population physically separated, no longer interbreeds |
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Term
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Definition
| exchange of genetic characteristics between FORMERLY SEPARATE POPULATIONS |
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Term
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Definition
| These provide snapshots of evolution at discrete points in time (spotty and incomplete) |
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Term
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Definition
| Fossils are formed through RAPID BURIAL and ANOXIC CONDITIONS |
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Term
| Types of evolutionary fauna |
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Definition
Cambrian Fauna
Paleozoic Fauna
Modern Fauna |
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Term
| What are the cambrian fauna? |
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Definition
Fauna Type
Initially rapid diversification
Endured several extinction events
Most important group:Trilobites |
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Term
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Definition
Fauna Type
- Maximum diversity in DEVONIAN era
- Most died out during permian mass extinction
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Term
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Definition
Fauna Type:
- Increasing in diversity through present day
- Punctuated by triassic and cretaceous extinctions
- Dominated by MOLLUSKS
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Term
| Characteristics of first life on land |
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Definition
Structural Support
Ability to conserve water
Ability to EXCHANGE GASES DIRECTLY with no atmosphere |
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Term
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Definition
| ARTHROPODS:(spiders, insects, trilobites) |
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Term
| Advantages/disadvantages of first land animals |
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Definition
Advantage: tough outer covering provided support
Disadvantage:Primitive respiratory, no circulatory system |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Evolved during PERMIAN era when vast deserts dominated Pangea, descendants of amphibians |
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Term
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Definition
better suited to land than reptiles, traits included:
Endothermic
Insulating Hair
Birth to live young |
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Term
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Definition
| First appeard in early cretaceous, used insects for pollination |
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Term
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Definition
| Descendants from flying reptiles, feathered dinosaurs |
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Term
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Definition
Rapid eruption of large volumes of magma from hotspot
EVIDENCE:Correlation with extinction and eruptions |
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Term
| Environmental causes of FLOOD BASALTS |
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Definition
| These eruptions release VOLCANIC GASES, causes ACID RAIN |
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Term
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Definition
Dust fallout from these can cause "nuclear winters"
EVIDENCE:
Impact structure
Iridium
Tektites |
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Term
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Definition
Largest mass extinction
Occurred Around the SIBERIAN FLOOD BASALT |
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Term
| Causes of Permian extinction |
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Definition
| Extinction from a FLOOD BASALT caused ACIDIFIED OCEAN |
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Term
| Cretaceous Impact Extinction |
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Definition
| Extinction: Evidence for event was BOUNDARY CLAY from impact that caused a layer of clay on earths surface |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Evidence of cretaceous impact |
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Definition
Boundary clay
Shocked quartz grains |
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Term
| Cretaceous/Paleogene extinction |
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Definition
Caused by:
DECCAN FLOOD BASALT
ASTEROID IMPACT |
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Term
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Definition
| Shortwave mostly visible radiation (Incoming from Sun) |
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Term
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Definition
| longwave radiation, mostly infrared (outgoing to space) |
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Term
| How does blackbody radiation explain solar/terrestrial radiation |
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Definition
| blackbody radiation is the only radiation emitted to space. the rest of terrestrial radiation is trapped in the atmospheric window |
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Term
| How does atmosphere interact with solar radiation |
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Definition
| Some solar radiation is only REFLECTED(albedo), some is SCATTERED, some ABSORBED by surface |
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Term
| How does atmosphere interact with Terrestrial Radiation? |
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Definition
| Only small portion of radiation actually makes it to space,the rest gets trapped in atmospheric window |
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Term
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Definition
| Fraction of solar radiation reflected without being absorbed or heating |
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Term
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Definition
| Absorption of longwave radiation by atmospheric trace gases |
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Term
| Characteristics of GREENHOUSE GAS |
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Definition
Gas in atmosphere:
absorbs incoming/outgoing radiation at a SPECIFIC WAVELENGTH
Increases earths surface 155 degrees |
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Term
| Ice Cores recording change in atmosphere |
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Definition
| Preserves atmosphere at time of freezing, shows change of 280ppm to 380 ppm of CO2 over time |
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Term
| Internal Radiative Forcing |
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Definition
Forcing:
Changes internal to climate system
Responds to climate processes
Ex(Amount & type of gases in atmosphere) |
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Term
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Definition
Forcing: occurs outside climate system
NOT AFFECTED BY CLIMATE
Ex(changes in earth's orbit) |
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Term
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Definition
Cause of radiative forcing:
Reduces amount of radiation SENT to earth from sun |
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Term
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Definition
Cause of radiative forcing:
Affects angle at which earth is facing sun, amount of radiation RECEIVED BY EARTH
Spatial and seasonal distribution |
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Term
| Snow reflection radiative forcing |
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Definition
cause of radiative forcing:
increases amount of radiation REFLECTED |
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Term
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Definition
Cause of radiative forcing:
Cause cooling, scattering of sunlight radiation-increasing albedo |
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Term
| sources of atmospheric particles |
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Definition
Natural sources-sea spray, dust, volcanic eruptions
Anthropogenic-fossil fuel use, industry, biomass burning |
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Term
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Definition
Useful for studying climate change BECAUSE:
they are Widely Distributed
Cover long time periods |
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Term
| Types of info provided by marine sediments |
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Definition
| Provides recorded OXYGEN ISOTOPE RATIOS in different ice sheets |
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Term
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Definition
Useful for studying climate change BECAUSE:
Changes in ring width shows TEMPERATURE or PRECIPITATION changes
Can CALIBRATE RADIOCARBON TIMESCALE |
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Term
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Definition
| Study of growth in tree rings |
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Term
| d18_O ratio of heavy to light isotopes relative to STANDARD |
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Definition
| d18_O = ((sample) – (standard))/ (standard) |
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Term
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Definition
Found in oceans, MORE 18_O, LESS 16_O
"HEAVIER" |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in ice sheets LESS 18_O, MORE 16_O "LIGHTER" |
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Term
| Why do marine isotope ratios record changes in ice sheets? |
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Definition
The isotopic composition of seawater changes as ice sheets grow and decay. The calcium carbonate shells in marine sediments records these changes, hence marine carbonate sediments provide a record of global ice volume on land.
[image] |
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Term
| More + Delta causes What? |
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Definition
Results in:
- Larger ice sheets
- heavy isotopes in ocean
- light isotopes TRAPPED in ice sheets
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Term
| More - Delta Causes What? |
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Definition
Results in:
- Smaller ice sheets
- Light isotopes
- Ice sheets MELT
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Term
| Why do isotope ratios in ice cores record temp in ice changes? |
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Definition
Cooler Temp= more fractionation and more negative d
Warmer Temp= less fractionation and less negative d
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