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| A relatively permanent change in behavior or the potential to make a response that occurs as a result of experience. |
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| A form of learning that occurs when 2 stimuli- a neutral stimulus and an unconditional stimulus- that are paired become associated with each other. |
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| A stimulus that, before conditioning, does not elicit a particular response. |
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| a stimulus that automatically produces a response without any previous training. |
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| A response elicited by a conditioned stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus; it is similar to the unconditioned response. |
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| A neutral stimulus that acquires the ability to elicit a conditioned response after being paired with an unconditional stimulus. |
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| A reaction that is automatically produced when an unconditioned stimulus is presented. |
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| A general term for a reduction and eventual disappearance of a behavior, in the case of classical conditioning, ex. occurs when repeated presentation of the classical stimulus alone leads to a decrease in the strength of the classical reaction. |
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| An irrational fear of an activity, object, or situtation that is out of proportion to the actual danger it poses. |
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| aka instrumental conditioning, an organism operates on its environment to produce a change. |
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Thorndike's view that reinforcers promote learning, whereas punishers lead to the unlearning of responces. |
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| The reappearance of an extinguished classical response after the passage of time. |
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The development of a dislike or aversion to a flavor or food that has been paired with illness. |
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| An event or stimulus that increases the frequency of the response that it follows. |
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| Events or stimuli such as food, water, money and praise that are presented after the target response occurs. |
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| Events or stimuli that are removed because a response has occured. |
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| Occurs when a target behavior is followed by presentation of a positive reinforcer, which has the effect of making the behavior more likely to occur in the future. |
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| A general term for the reduction and elimination of behaviors. |
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Occurs when a target behavior os followed by removal or reduction of a negative reinforcer, which leads to an increase in the frquency of the target behavior. |
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| Schedule of Reinforcement |
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| Once a target responce has been shaped, the experimenter can arrange to have the reinforcer delivered according to a specific schedule. |
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The participant is given a reinforcer after each target responce occurs. |
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| The number of responses determines whether the participant recieves reinforcement. |
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| Responces are reinforced only after a certain interval of time has passed. |
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| a stimulus that produces a decrease in reponding and may take the form of presentation of a stimulus or termination of a stimulus. |
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| Intermittent(or partial) Reinforcement |
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Definition
| Noncontinuous patterns of delivering reinforcement. |
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| Partial Reinforcement Effect |
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Definition
| Operant Responses that are not reinforced each time during training take much longer to extinguish than ones that have ercieved contiuous reinforcement. |
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| the process of using a punisher to decrease the responce rate. |
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| the ability to produce work that is both novel and appropriate. |
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| a branch of psychology that examines thinking; how we know and understand the world, solve problems, make decisions, combine info from memory and current experience, use language, and communicate our thoughts to others |
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| a mental process involving the manipulation of info in the form of images or concepts that is inferred from our behavior. |
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| the overall ability to excel at a variety of tasks, especially those related to success in schoolwork. |
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| compared a child's performance with the average performance of children at a particular age. |
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| The ratio of mental age divided by chronological age and multiplied by 100. |
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| the degree to which repeated administrations of a psychological test yield consistent scores. |
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| a test's ability to measure what it was designed to measure. |
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| the development f procedures for administering psychological tests and the collection of norms that provide a frame of reference for interpreting test scores. |
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| the distribution of scores of a large sample of people who have previously taken a test. |
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| occurs in people who are severely handicapped in overall intelligence yet demonstrate exceptional ability in a specific area such as art, calculation, memory, or music. |
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| Lifespan Developmental Psychology |
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| concerned with the systematic physical, cognitive, and psychosocial processes that lead to these changes that occur throughout life. |
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| refers to an intense reciprocal relationship occuring between 2 people, usually a child and adult. |
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| Ethological Theory of Attachment |
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| stresses the adaptiveness of attachment |
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| offers children many opportunities for feedback concerning their abilities, intelligence, and values as they grow into young adults. |
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| adopting behaviors opposite to those that are expected |
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| occurs when the adolescent has few goals and is generally apathetic about school work, friends, and the future. |
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| occurs when the adolescent has few goals and is generally apathetic about school work, friends, and the future. |
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| a period during which an adolescent may try several identities without intending to settle on a specific one. |
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| A feeling shared by many adolescents that one is not subject to the same rules as other people. |
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| lasts roughly 20 years, from approximately age 20 until age 40. |
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| a potentially stressful period that typically occurs during the mid-forties and is brought on when a person comes to grips with mortality issues and begins to review his or her life and accomplishments. |
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| encompasses the period from approximately age 40 to age 65. |
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| a period of adjustment for parents after all children have left home. |
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| the period from approximately age 65 until death. |
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| a biological classification based on genetic compostiton, anatomy, and hormones. |
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| the psychological and socail phenomena associated with being feminine or masculine as these concepts are defined in a given culture. |
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| considered appropriate for males and females ina given culture, relate to clothing, games, tools, and toys. |
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