Term
Which term does the following sentence defines?
The study of the body's response when it is exposed to foreign substances |
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| Which of the following scientists are associated with the development of the basic concepts of immunology? |
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| The term "attenuated" is often used in immunology. Which term best describes its meaning? |
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| According to the work of Jenner and Pasteur, prior exposure to microorganisms leads to passive immunity. |
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| The degree to which an antigen can induce an immune response is called |
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| Pathogens, proteins from a genetically different individual, or other substances are recognized as an |
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| Characteristics of self are attributed to macromolecules on cell surfaces that are called the |
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| major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins. |
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| An animal that is resistant to a foreign invader, such as a pathogenic organism or a toxin, is |
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| An individual's innate resistance to foreign substances remains the same throughout his/her life. |
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False
Species, sex, nutrition, health status, age, and genetic constitution are some of the factors that influence the degree of an individual’s innate resistance |
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| The innate immune response only develops in response to a specific antigen. |
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False
acquired develops to a specific antigen |
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| Acquired immunity is also called: |
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| The acquired immune system only develops an immune response after an antigen has entered the body. |
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| An animal's innate immune system is functional even if the animal has not been exposed to a foreign substance. |
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| T lymphocytes are also called T cells. |
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| What best describes "immune response"? |
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| The body's reaction against invading foreign substances |
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| T lymphocytes are the major cell type associated with cell-mediated immunity. |
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| Each antibody can bind to several different kinds of antigens. |
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| What is the predominant type of immunoglobulins found in the saliva of mammals? |
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| In the recognition step of the acquired immune response, the antigen is called the _______________ molecule. |
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| The same MHC proteins are found in all the animals of the same species, but different MHC proteins are present in animals of different species. |
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| Fluids from tissues are transported by the circulatory system and recycled by the lymphatic system |
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false
Fluids from tissues are transported by the lymphatic system and recycled by the circulatory system. |
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| Nutrition can affect the strength of an individual's innate resistance. |
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| Which enzyme can be found in tears, saliva, and nasal secretions and destroys bacteria? |
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15. Multiple Choice/Single Answer - select one answer
Which immune system cells secrete antibodies? |
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| Which cells are the first to recognize the presence of bacterial antigens and release chemical signals to immune cells in other locations? |
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| Which cellular component plays a role in the body's ability to recognize substances as "nonself" |
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| Proteins of the major histocompatibility complex |
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| IgG can cross the placenta to provide some immunity to newborn animals in their first few weeks of life. |
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| Different types of immune system cells produce different antibodies when exposed to the same antigen. |
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| What is the first class of immunoglobulins to be synthesized by a fetus or newborn in response to an antigen? |
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| MHC proteins help T lymphocytes recognize and attach to antigens. |
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| MHC proteins help T lymphocytes recognize and attach to antigens. |
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| Macrophages and granulocytes release_____ (chemical messengers) which escalate the immune response |
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| The most abundant immunoglobulin in serum; found only in mammals. Only this can cross the placenta; in humans and rabbits, it is responsible for protecting the fetus and the newborn animal in the first few weeks of life before the neonate’s own immune system develops. However, in some species such as ungulates, little of this is transmitted to the fetus in utero. Colostrum (first milk) is rich in this, so it is important for newborns of these species to receive colostrum and thus immunity. |
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| The second most abundant type of serum antibodies in mammals; also present in birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish. This is a large antibody and is mostly confined to the blood. this is the first immunoglobulin class to be synthesized by a fetus or newborn and the first antibody to be detected in response to an initial exposure to an antigen. |
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| The predominant type of antibodies found in mammalian body secretions (bile, tears, saliva, colostrum) and in the fluids which bathe the mucous membranes of the intestines, lungs, and urinary tract. It is resistant to digestion and attacks pathogens that contact the body surface, are ingested, or are inhaled. |
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| Found on the cell membranes of basophils and mast cells in mammals. Although it is typically found in low concentration, it triggers the most powerful immune reactions and is associated with immediate hypersensitivity reactions such as allergic reactions and asthma. Levels of this increase during parasitic infections |
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| Found in low concentration in serum, its function is not known. this is almost exclusively found in the membranes of B cells, where it may have a role in these cells’ activation. However, mice lacking this seem to retain normal immune responses. |
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| A class of antibody occurring in birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish. It is equivalent to IgG in mammals. Egg yolk is rich in This; thus, chicken eggs are a common source of antibody used in immunological studies. |
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| Antibodies are made up of heavy and light chains. |
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| The most important role of the immune system is to keep foreign substances from entering the blood circulation. |
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| Phases of Antibody Production |
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| The delay after initial antigenic stimulation by infection or immunization before the specific antibody is detectable in the blood. The immune system is activated and cellular interactions are occurring, but antibody production has not yet developed or produced detectable quantities |
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| The period in which the production of antibody increases and levels (titers) of antibody are detectable in the serum or other body fluids. |
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| The period in which the antibody titer reaches its peak. |
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| The period in which the antibody titer falls. |
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| The secondary immune response is also known as the |
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| What is a method by which an animal can be given passive immunity? |
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Definition
| By giving the animal preformed antibodies |
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| Why are adjuvants used in vaccines? |
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| To enhance the immune response |
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| A secondary immune response to a given antigen is generally a weaker response than the primary response to the initial exposure. |
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Definition
False
secondary is stronger |
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| Immunization is a process by which an animal develops immunity after having been exposed to an antigen. |
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| Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) is an immunodeficiency virus that affects animals belonging to which group? |
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| In general, autoimmune diseases target all organs of the body. |
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| A primary immunodeficiency disease is an acquired condition resulting from an infection or a side effect of a drug treatment |
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Definition
False
When a defect in immune response is inherited, it is referred to as a primary immunodeficiency disease. |
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| Because they lack a thymus, nude mice lack which component of the immune system? |
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| What best describes autoimmune disease? |
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| The animal's immune system reacts against the animal's own constituents. |
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| Asthma is always caused by an allergic reaction affecting the respiratory track. |
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| Drug therapy with corticosteroids can lead to secondary immunodeficiency disease. |
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| All diseases that affect the immune system cause a decreased immune response. |
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Definition
False
Some cause an increased immune response |
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| Which organ does the nude mouse lack? |
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| In AIDS, the HIV virus destroys which of the cells involved in the immune response? |
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Definition
| T helper cells and macrophages |
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| Why is cyclosporin A often used in individuals who have received tissue transplants? |
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Definition
| It is an immunosuppressant drug. |
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| An autoimmune disease is the result of the individual's immune system becoming hypersensitive to some allergen in the environment. |
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| What best describes immunosuppression? |
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| A lowered immune responsiveness |
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| What is another term used to describe immunodeficient individuals? |
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| Stress can cause temporary immunodeficiencies. |
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| The __________ of donor and recipient is a major determinant of success of an organ transplant. |
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| Which of the following statements is true of phagocytes? |
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| They engulf foreign materials. |
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| Which term would you use to describe a graft that is transplanted between individuals of the same species? |
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| The transplantation of a pig heart valve into a human is an example of what type of transplant? |
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| What is the role of cytokines? |
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Definition
| They transmit information about the presence of a foreign substance. |
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| Which cell type is a component of the innate immune system? |
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| Which term would you use to describe a graft that is transplanted between two identical twins? |
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| Which component of the innate immune system coats the surface of invading organisms to facilitate their attack by the macrophages? |
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| What is the term used to describe an animal with a normal immune system? |
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| B cells and plasma cells are part of the __________-mediated immune response. |
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| AIDS is an example of which type of disease? |
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Definition
| Secondary immunodeficiency disease |
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| What is the term for the basic resistance that an individual has when born? |
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Definition
| Sites on an antigen that are recognized by the immune system as nonself |
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| What is the first class of immunoglobulins to be synthesized by a fetus or newborn in response to an antigen? |
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Definition
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| What are the three steps involved in an acquired immunity response to a foreign substance? |
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Definition
| Recognition, amplification, and resolution |
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| Which cell population is lacking in SCID mice? |
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| Which cells have a similar role to macrophages in presenting the antigen to other cells. |
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| What is another term for macrophages? |
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| Which cells of the immune system develop into plasma cells? |
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Which of the following is NOT a function of interferons?
Attenuation (reduction) of the immune response of surrounding cells
Interference with viral replication
Stimulation of the activity of immune cells
Facilitation of cell communication |
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Definition
| Attenuation (reduction) of the immune response of surrounding cells |
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| What is another term for antibody-mediated response? |
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| What is typical of a secondary (anamnestic) immune response? |
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Definition
| The serum titer rises to a higher level than during the primary response. |
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| Which of the following is a type of acquired immune response? |
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| Which cells are generated by the thymus, bone marrow, liver, and spleen and are found in large numbers in the lymphatic system? |
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| What provides the body with its first line of defense against foreign substances? |
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| Which cells of the immune system develop into plasma cells? |
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| The major histocompatibility complex proteins (MHC) are found on the surface of which cells? |
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| Which treatment is commonly used in laboratory animals to prevent transplant rejection? |
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Definition
| Radiation exposure to kill immune system cells |
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| An antibody-mediated immune response is associated with which kind of cells? |
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| Which cell lineage is affected in XID mice? |
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| Which component of the innate immune system coats the surface of invading organisms to facilitate their attack by the macrophages? |
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| Which statement applies to chronic immune complex diseases? |
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Definition
| The immune system overreacts to the presence of an antigen. |
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| this mouse , is a hairless mutant, is immunodeficient due to the lack of a thymus and thus does not produce T cells. The absence of T cells prevents the rejection of transplantation (for example, tissues from other species); thus this strain has been used as a recipient of transplanted human tumors for the study of cancer. The other immune system components (B cells and phagocytes) are normal in this mouse. |
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| this mouse lack both T and B cell populations and are therefore even more immunodeficient than nude mice. Hybridomas and tumors from other species are easily transplanted into these mice and will grow without being rejected. |
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| severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) |
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| this mouse is associated with a mutation in the X chromosome. In these animals, B cells are defective and some lineages of B cells are missing altogether. |
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| XID means “X-linked immune deficiency, |
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| named for its fur color, has defective natural killer cells. have been used in studies of hematopoietic cell differentiation. |
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Definition
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| this mouse is associated with a mutation in the X chromosome. In these animals, B cells are defective and some lineages of B cells are missing altogether. |
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Definition
| XID means “X-linked immune deficiency, |
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| Genes controlling various components of the immune system can be inserted or deleted from the mouse genome using transgenic and knockout technologies. Selective breeding of mice has led to the combination of multiple immune deficiency mutations such as the bg-nu-xid model, which combines the beige, nude, and XID mutations and results in deficiencies in T, B and natural killer cells. |
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| Various transgenic and knockout strains; multiple gene deficiencies |
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| Which statement applies to chronic immune complex diseases? |
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Definition
| There is an accumulation of antigen-antibody complexes in the bloodstream. |
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| During which phase of a primary immune response do the antibodies become detectable in the serum? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which cells are the first to recognize the presence of bacterial antigens and release chemical signals to immune cells in other locations? |
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Definition
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| Which immune system cells secrete antibodies? |
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Definition
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| How would you classify the athymic mouse's immunodeficiency? |
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Definition
| As a primary immunodeficiency disease |
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