Term
| Ruminants do not include... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Five basic freedoms that an animal should be able to do without difficulty |
|
Definition
1. Turn around
2. Groom itself
3. Get up
4. Lie down
5. Stretch its limbs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a set protocol for each individual farm to limit or prevent the introduction of a DAD/FAD into the herd |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in neonate ruminants, this structure carries milk directly to the abomasum for digestion; the mucosa form a trough via chemical rxns; structure becomes nonfunctional ~30 days / when the animal starts on feed |
|
|
Term
| scientific names for the forestomach compartments (in correct order) |
|
Definition
| rumen -> reticulum -> omasum |
|
|
Term
| colloquial names for the stomach compartments |
|
Definition
rumen = paunch
reticulum = honeycomb
omasum = manyplies / book stomach
abomasum = true stomach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a sphincter between the esophagus and the rumen/reticulum; it must be clear of food to allow eructation |
|
|
Term
| name of the opening between reticulum and omasum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name of the opening between the omasum and abomasum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| other names for reticular groove are... |
|
Definition
| "milk groove" or "esophageal tube" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tylopoda (camel and alpaca (&relatives)
Ruminantia (everything else) |
|
|
Term
| What do Tylopoda animals lack? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ruminants belong to the order... |
|
Definition
| Artiodactyla ("even-toed") |
|
|
Term
| rule #1 of working with livestock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| rule #2 of working with livestock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hind-gut fermenters include... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pigs, cattle, goats, sheep |
|
|
Term
| Where do you listen to the rumen? |
|
Definition
| the animal's left paralumbar fossa, located in a triangle between the last rib, spine, and the hook |
|
|
Term
| part of a halter that goes behind the animal's ears |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| part of a halter that a person holds onto to control the animal, and which side is it on? |
|
Definition
| lead shank, on animal's left |
|
|
Term
| #1 source of carbs for ruminants? |
|
Definition
| VFAs (volatile fatty acids) which are the bugs' waste. They travel to the liver via the portal vein and are changed into glucose. |
|
|
Term
| the rumen contracts about... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the rumen and reticulum are separated by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stomach compartment is largest in a newborn calf? |
|
Definition
| abomasum - forestomach doesn't develop until the animal starts on grain |
|
|
Term
| forestomach compartment divided into sacs by muscular pillars |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| scientific and colloquial name for the disease in which a foreign object pierces through the reticulum and into the pericardium |
|
Definition
| traumatic reticulopericarditis, or "hardware disease" |
|
|
Term
| Source of protein and fat for the ruminant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A common cause of hardware disease nowadays? |
|
Definition
| Many barns are made of aluminum, and tiny shavings fall off when parts are screwed together. Aluminum is not magnetic, so it won't attach to the magnet inside the reticulum. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 5 cc's (or 1 tsp) = ? (weight) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| forestomach compartment that contains muscular laminae studded with short, blunt papillae to grind roughage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| forestomach compartment with papillae on the ventral surface |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the only glandular portion of the ruminant stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What sphincter separates the abomasum and duodenum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Soaking, fermentation, mixing contents |
|
|
Term
| Functions of the reticulum? |
|
Definition
| Pumps liquid in and out of rumen, adds moisture to rumen contents, floods cardia before regurgitation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Continued fermentation and absorption, onward propulsion |
|
|
Term
| Functions of the abomasum? |
|
Definition
| Digest degraded roughages that haven't already been absorbed, digest microbes themselves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. regurgitation
2. remastication
3. reinsalivation
4. redeglutition |
|
|
Term
| The process of reswallowing is called... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Eructation occurs about... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Average dairy cow produces about (how much / time?) CO2 and CH4? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens when eructation mechanism fails? Why would this happen? |
|
Definition
| Tympanism or bloating, happens when cardia is not clear of ingesta |
|
|
Term
| Off-flavors in milk are caused by... |
|
Definition
| the cow inhaling its eructation full of volatile substances |
|
|
Term
| "bungee cord" holding up the head? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "magic triangle" = location for injections on meat animals |
|
Definition
| formed by nuchael ligament, cervical vertabrae, and shoulder blade |
|
|
Term
| The USA has __% of the world's population but supplies ___% of the world's food. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| young female bovine that has not given birth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| replacement breeding stock of beef cattle consists of |
|
Definition
| purebred bull and heifer calves |
|
|
Term
| mature, intact male bovine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CMT stands for? Detects what? |
|
Definition
| California mastitis test; detects DNA from somatic cells (including leukocytes, which indicate infection) |
|
|
Term
| mature female swine that has not given birth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mature, intact male swine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mature female swine that HAS given birth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| porcine term for giving birth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ovine term for giving birth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bovine term for giving birth (dairy vs beef) |
|
Definition
dairy: freshening
beef: calving |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lambs sold for meat at ~3mo |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| caprine term for giving birth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| meat from castrated goats |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a large flightless bird like the emu and ostrich |
|
|
Term
| Three basic instinctual patterns of grazing animals: |
|
Definition
1. flight zone, tendency to face predator/threat
2. point of balance at shoulder and its effect on movement direction
3. tendency to bunch together when threatened |
|
|
Term
| Never fill the crowd pen more than... |
|
Definition
| 3/4 full (18 for cattle, 15-25 for pigs) |
|
|
Term
| Things livestock will balk at include... |
|
Definition
| shadows, puddles, darkness, flapping objects, closed gates, people up ahead, high pitched noise, etc |
|
|
Term
| reasonable attainable goal for minimum electric prod use: |
|
Definition
| 0% when moved as a group (cattle or pigs); 1-5% cattle at squeeze shoot or stunning box; pigs <15% when moved through single file chute |
|
|
Term
| alternatives to electric prods |
|
Definition
| plastic ribbons,small flags, canvas slapper (use on wall, not pig) |
|
|
Term
| flighty temperament is caused by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fear memory is recorded in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the windshield wiper manner of cattle herding is used to... |
|
Definition
| induce loose bunching of a dispersed herd |
|
|
Term
| describes animals that maintain a constant body temperature |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TNZ - what does is stand for? Define. |
|
Definition
| Thermoneutral zone: range of environmental temperature within which the animal uses no additional energy to maintain its body temp |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lower/upper critical temperature; boundaries of TNZ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| convection (wind), conduction (ground), evaporation (air), and radiation (cold snow around them) |
|
|
Term
| primary mode of heat dissipation in neonates |
|
Definition
| evaporation from saliva in most livestock, sweat in foal |
|
|
Term
| Neonates produce heat by metabolizing... |
|
Definition
| brown adipose tissue or "brown fat" |
|
|
Term
| sweat gland that secretes salty water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sweat gland that secretes a water/protein mixture |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "herd" describes a group of what animal/s? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "flock" describes a group of what animal/s? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "band" describes a group of what animal/s? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Together the teat cistern and gland cistern compose the... |
|
Definition
| lactiferous sinuses or "milk sinuses" |
|
|
Term
| Another name for the gland tissue in the udder is... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the maximum allowed SCC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| gestation length for cow, horse, goat, sheep, pig? |
|
Definition
| Cow 9mo, Mare 11mo, Doe 5mo, Ewe 5mo, Sow 3mo 3wk 3d (115d) |
|
|
Term
| estrous cycle of cow and sow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Colostrum is rich in the antibody known as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How often is the bulk tank emptied? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Milk is measured in what unit? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| milk used for human consumption (milk, butter, cheese, etc) |
|
|
Term
| How old is a heifer at first pregnancy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long is the lactation period of a dairy cow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each quarter of the udder has its own ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Teat stimulation sends a neural signal to posterior pituitary, oxytocin is released into blood stream, smooth muscles of milk alveoli contract to send milk to gland cistern and teat cistern |
|
|
Term
| How long is the dry period of a dairy cow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Regarding teats:
disinfect __ to __, collect __ to __ |
|
Definition
| disinfect FAR to NEAR, collect NEAR to FAR |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| After vacuum milking, the papillary muscles tire out and cannot immediately close the teat orifice |
|
|
Term
| 5 point plan for mastitis prevention |
|
Definition
1. prompt treatment of clinical cases
2. teat disinfection at every milking
3. dry cow antibiotic therapy
4. regular milking machine maintenance
5. culling of persistently infected cows |
|
|
Term
| The highest incidence of mastitis occurs in... |
|
Definition
| the first 6 weeks post-parturition and in high-producing cows (because high milk production and leaking teat) |
|
|
Term
| #1 microbe in mastitis cases |
|
Definition
| "Strep ag" or Streptococcus agalactiae |
|
|
Term
| obligate parasite of bovine udder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| microbes responsible for E-mastitis |
|
Definition
| Streptococcus dysgalactiae, S. uberis, Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Mycoplasma spp |
|
|
Term
| ~60% of cows do not form this barrier against mastitis bugs |
|
Definition
| keratin plug in distal teat |
|
|
Term
| Microbe often found in wood chips that can cause mastitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Non-specific defenses against mastitis |
|
Definition
| teat anatomy (interdigitation of teat orifice), keratin, rosette of Furstenberg makes WBCs, milking flushes out organisms |
|
|
Term
| Specific defenses against mastitis |
|
Definition
| production of Abs, cell-mediated or humoral immunity |
|
|
Term
| clinical signs of mastitis |
|
Definition
| off-feed, less milk produced, clots in milk, lethargy, inflammation of teat/s |
|
|
Term
| sub-clinical signs of mastitis |
|
Definition
| cows show no signs, but bulk tank has elevated SCC |
|
|
Term
| The udder's blood supply is separate from the rest of the body except in cases of... |
|
Definition
| peracute mastitis with septicemia |
|
|
Term
| 3 categories of clinical signs |
|
Definition
| subacute, acute, peracute |
|
|
Term
| direct method/s of finding mastitis |
|
Definition
| C&S, or culture and sensitivity |
|
|
Term
| indirect method/s of finding mastitis |
|
Definition
| strip cup (clots catch on screen), CMT, in-line filters, NEW- cow-side SCC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| post-partum acetonemia/ketonemia/hypoglycemia |
|
|
Term
| What is post-partum ketosis? |
|
Definition
| Metabolic disease caused by inadequate carb intake or failure of glucose synthesis in the liver. After freshening, demand for glucose exceeds supply, body uses fats/amino acids for glucose. Ketones are a by-product and cause anorexia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| off feed, lethargy, dehydration, rumen atony |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 50% dextrose IV STAT, plus the corticosteroid dexamethasone which turns anything into sugar. Alt: propylene glycol, sodium proprionate |
|
|
Term
| Other names for milk fever? |
|
Definition
| parturient paresis, post-partum hypocalcaemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| weakness, muscle twitches, rumen atony, constipation, depression, sternal recumbency, can't hold up head, and eventual death. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Metabolic disease of (mainly) 5-8yo high producing dairy cows caused by low plasma levels of Ca. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Colostrum/milk contains high levels of Calcium, and the cow's supply can't keep up with the demand if her calcium loop is not primed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| For a 1000-1200 cow, ~500cc of body-temp calcium borogluconate given IV SLOOOOWLY (~30min). Too fast = bradycardia/death |
|
|
Term
| Signs that the Tx for milk fever worked? |
|
Definition
| Rumen will begin functioning, cow will sit up, blink, and eructate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Failure of Passive Transfer; calf doesn't get colostrum soon enough or doesn't get enough of it, and is thus IgG deficient |
|
|
Term
| How is colostrum given to a dairy calf? |
|
Definition
| bottle, bucket, or esophageal feeder |
|
|
Term
| Mastitis is rare in ____ ____ breeds, but worldwide it is the ____ ____ ____ affecting ___ breeds. |
|
Definition
-beef cattle
-most common disease
-dairy |
|
|
Term
| At any one time, up to ___% of all dairy cows in the world are infected in one or more quarters. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mastitis is the most costly animal disease in N. Amer agriculture, with economic losses of about ____/cow/year. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Normal resident of the rumen and shed in the feces. Commonly found on cow's lips, genitals, teat/udder. Most common cause of mastitis in recently freshened dry cows. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Found in rumen and feces. Mainly spread by contaminated bedding, leaking cows, etc. |
|
Definition
| Streptococcus dysgalactiae |
|
|
Term
| Can only live for 12-48hrs outside of udder. Infection causes significant increase in bulk tank SCC. Cows appear subclinical or subacute. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Found on the skin. Spread by poor milking technique and biting flies. Hard to diagnose and very resistant to antibiotics. Rapidly progress from subacute to acute or peracute stage. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Found on MM, resp. secretions, joints, cuts and feces. Causes mastitis, arthritis, and resp. problems. Causes extensive scarring of the mammary tissue. Often requires culling of the herd to eliminate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Normal resident of intestinal tract and found in feces. Takes a while to show symptoms, doesn't increase SCC very much. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What features have we selected for in cows that predispose them to mastitis? |
|
Definition
| Large udders, high volume of milk production |
|
|
Term
| Cows sometimes injure their own udders in the process of.... |
|
Definition
| standing. They put rear legs underneath them, push up, and then lift the front. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| milk that contains traces of antibiotics or that comes from a cow suspected to have mastitis |
|
|
Term
| Why are calves housed individually? |
|
Definition
| Feed calf unpastuerized waste milk --> microbes live on tonsils --> calf suckles another calf's teat --> "suckee" freshens with mastitis |
|
|
Term
| What can we do to protect dry cows from developing mastistis? |
|
Definition
| Treat with dry cow mastitis tubes; contains antibiotic suspended in oil-based product to penetrate epithelium |
|
|
Term
| The most effective defense of the bovine mammary gland in bacterial invasion is? |
|
Definition
| WBCs (mainly neutrophils) phagocytize invading bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the rumen stops contracting and you hear no gut sounds |
|
|
Term
| Normal milk from healthy cows is ___ and white. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A CMT __ contains four __ __. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| negative, trace, +1, +2, +3 depending on amount of gelling and darkening of gel itself |
|
|
Term
| CMT scores and corresponding SCC: |
|
Definition
negative (up to 200,000)
trace (up to 500,000)
+1 (up to 1 mil)
+2 (up to 5 mil)
+3 (over 5 mil) |
|
|
Term
| Most positive tests using CMT are due to increased ___ ___ from ___. |
|
Definition
| nuclear DNA, neutrophiles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A metal or plastic container with a screen on top. Milk is squirted into it, and the screen catches clots or flakes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Milking different groups of cows together, such as nulliparous heifers, sick cows, etc. |
|
|
Term
| New diagnostic tests involving __ __ within the milk are making in-house mastitis diagnostics and antibiotic sensitivities easier, quicker, and accurate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All suspected mastitis cases should be given a thorough __ __ that includes careful udder __. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These tubes are used to prevent mastitis in dry cows or to treat mastitis in lactating cows. |
|
Definition
| intramammary infusion tubes (dry cow or lactating) |
|
|
Term
| Who is legally responsible for antibiotic residues in the milk from your treatments? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most important VFA to the cow? |
|
Definition
| propionic acid, which is converted to glucose in the liver |
|
|
Term
| In the mammary gland, glucose is converted into __. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Metabolic pathway that generates glucose from non-carb substances? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the calcium loop? |
|
Definition
| Ingested calcium in intestine -> bone. Calcium homeostasis maintained via a feedback mechanism. Parathyroid takes Ca from bone to blood, thyroid takes Ca from blood to bone. |
|
|
Term
| How should the calcium loop be "primed" before freshening? |
|
Definition
| Before freshening: feed lower calcium diet so that more calcium is drawn from bones. After freshening, feed high calcium diet to maintain calcium levels in blood. |
|
|
Term
| What does "dummy syndrome" refer to? |
|
Definition
| An animal exhibiting a pronounced indifference to stimuli. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the act of grasping or seizing; is the animal grabbing food? |
|
|
Term
| A constantly arched back may indicate... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Elevated, rigid tail, rigid ears and limbs are signs of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Head turned into flank indicates... |
|
Definition
| parturient paresis/milk fever (low Ca) |
|
|
Term
| Head-bobbing with normal rate of movement means... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Goose-stepping, aimless wandering mean... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Head-butting, stumbling are signs of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Debilitated animals may retain their ___ ___ past the normal time. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| weakness, emaciation, wasting of the body due to illness |
|
|
Term
| Define "particular distance examination." |
|
Definition
| After general assessment of herd, focus on certain body regions of individual animals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscle spasm causing backward arching of the head, neck, and spine; often caused by tetanus, meningitis, or strychnine poisoning |
|
|
Term
| respiration examination should include... |
|
Definition
| rate, rhythm, depth, type, noise |
|
|
Term
| abdominal breathing may indicate... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| thoracic-type breathing may indicate... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| distension in areas of paralumbar fossa may indicate... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| uniform distension of abdomen may indicate... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| distension of the ventral abdomen may indicate... |
|
Definition
| ruptured urinary bladder or ascites (accumulation of fluid in peritoneal cavity) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| accumulation of fluid in peritoneal cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of the umbilical veins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| persistent canal connecting urinary bladder and umbilicus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| clear to slightly milky discharge from vulva |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unpleasantly dark meat from a bovine that was stressed before slaughter. It is also drier and has a shorter shelf life. |
|
|
Term
| notable event of 1999 related to animal welfare |
|
Definition
| PETA picketed McDonald's, they started an auditing process to make sure suppliers stuck to welfare guidelines |
|
|
Term
| If the animals are facing the handler, the handler is ____ the flight zone. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Animals will turn away when the handler goes ___ the flight zone. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ig_ is the most predominant in all domestic species except for the ___, which protects its offspring with high levels of Ig_. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| define immunological competence |
|
Definition
| The ability of neonates to produce their own Igs at birth. But protective levels of endogenous Abs are not reached until ~1mo. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which the neonate produces its own Igs to protect against infections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an animal's natural protection from a disease because of its species |
|
|
Term
| Ig concentration in colostrum is highly correlated with ___. |
|
Definition
| specific gravity of the colostrum |
|
|
Term
| What tools are used to measure the specific gravity of colostrum? |
|
Definition
| refractometer or colostrometer |
|
|
Term
| ___ breeds tends to produce less volume of milk but have higher IgG concentrations in their milk when compared to ___ breeds. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is colostrum banking? |
|
Definition
| Saving collected colostrum for later use in a neonate. |
|
|
Term
| Milk produced on the second and third day after calving is called... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cows that produce more than 18 lbs at first milking tend to have lower IgG concentrations in that milk than cows who produce less than 18lbs at first milking. |
|
|
Term
| Banding castration uses an ___. |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Clamping castration uses the ___. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The testicular veins spiral around the testicular artery to cool incoming blood. |
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Term
| What internal anatomy of the testicle helps regulate the temperature? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| cutting, clamping, banding |
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Definition
| The concrete troughs in which silage or other food is placed. Cattles used to range grazing are confused by them at first. |
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Term
| What is the Barnes tool used for? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the Newberry tool used for? |
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Definition
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| What is the Burdizzo tool used for? |
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Definition
| closed castration, clamping |
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Term
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Definition
| open the scrotum, cut the cord, and remove testicle |
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Term
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Definition
| cut the cord without cutting the scrotum |
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Term
| Burdizzo is another name for... |
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Definition
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Definition
small horns- branding "o" or spoon (corer)
large horns- Barnes |
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Term
| The time it takes to get a beef cattle from birth to harvest is about... |
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Definition
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Term
| In beef cattle, calves nurse on the dam for how long? |
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Definition
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Term
| Beef cattle's peak lactation occurs at |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| After processing and preconditioning, most calves go to feedlots to finish (feeders). ~10% go to pasture til 750lbs (stockers). |
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Term
| acaricides vs ascaricides |
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Definition
acaricide: kills ticks/mites
ascaricide: kills roundworms |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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| lethargy, calf that just doesn't do well for example |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| lack of urination, inability to urinate |
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Term
| The most common disease of feedlot cattle is... |
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Definition
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Term
| Pneumonia can be defined as... |
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Definition
| inflammation and infection of the airways. |
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Term
| Common term for feedlot pneumonia? |
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Definition
| Acute Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) |
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Term
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Definition
| Bovine Respiratory Disease |
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Term
| What does shipping fever refer to? |
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Definition
| BRD in cattle recently arrived at the feedlot |
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Term
| Define "infectious disease" |
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Definition
| a disease caused by a microorganism |
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Term
| Define "contagious disease" |
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Definition
| an infectious disease that can be transmitted from one animal to another |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| Sewer Pipe Trachea is caused by... |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| high fever, red nose (epithelium peels off), sewer pipe trachea (cells die and smell) |
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Term
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Definition
| infectious bovine rhinotracheitis |
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Term
| Proper term for sewer pipe trachea? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| increased blood flow to tissue (to the nose in BHV-1) |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus |
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Definition
| Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus |
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Term
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Definition
| similar to parvo- horrible diarrhea, also can invade lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| Bovine Parainfluenza 3 Virus |
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Term
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Definition
| now called Mannheimia haemolytica |
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Term
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Definition
| now called Histophilus somnus |
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Term
| Name the bacteria associated with BRD |
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Definition
| Mannheimia haemolytica, Histophilus somnus, Pasteurella multocida, Mycoplasma spp |
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Term
| Most common bacteria associated with BRD? |
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Definition
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Term
| The major clinical signs, lesions, and death in BRD are due to what? |
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Definition
| bacterial pneumonia (M. haemolytica, H. somnus, P. multocida) |
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Term
| When does shipping fever occur? (be specific) |
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Definition
| during the first 45 days after weaning/transportation/placed in feedlot |
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Term
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Definition
| anaerobic and spore-forming, ubiquitous |
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Term
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Definition
| C. septicum- puncture/ingestion -> body fills with fluid, death |
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Term
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Definition
| C. chauvoei- ingested (mainly), muscles turn black with sulfur |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| Enterotoxemia from C. perfringens |
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Definition
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Term
| Clostridium infections may be prevalent when ___ is performed and/or animals are kept in ___ conditions. |
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Definition
| banding castration, septic |
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Term
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Definition
| Swine Respiratory Disease |
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Term
| Name the bacteria involved in SRD |
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Definition
| Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Pasteurella multocida, Haemophilus parasuis, Streptococcus suis |
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Term
| Proper name for "foot rot" |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Fusobacterium necrophorum and Bacteroides melanogenicus |
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Definition
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| What causes bovine polio? |
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Definition
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Definition
| On necropsy, parts of brain separated by fluid |
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Term
| proper name for "pinkeye" |
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Definition
| infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis |
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Term
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Definition
| Moraxella bovis, spread by face fly Musca autumnalis |
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Term
| What causes rumen acidosis? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| pinkeye, spread by face fly |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| enterotoxemia / "overeating disease" |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| IO vaccines are administered how? To what animal/s? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are IN vaccines administered to livestock? |
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Definition
| intranasal vaccines are given with pistol-grip syringe and plastic cannula tip |
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Term
| parts of the squeeze chute |
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Definition
| head gate, branding gates, the squeeze, tail gate, palpation cage, butt bar, foot panels |
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Term
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Definition
| straight-sided manual, straight-sided hydraulic, curved head gate, guillotine-type |
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Term
| How and where are implants administered to livestock? |
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Definition
| SQ, middle third of back of ear, between skin and auricular cartilage, between major veins |
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Term
| Implants usually come in the form of a... |
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Definition
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Term
| Implants are commonly used in what sorts of operations? |
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Definition
| cow-calf, feeder-finishing, sheep-feeding |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Implants increase both __ and __, increasing profits and decreasing cost to consumer. |
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Definition
| average daily gain, feed efficiency (amount of food per lb gained) |
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Term
| Three major categories of implants: |
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Definition
| naturally occurring sex hormones, synthetic sex hormones, and synthetic non-steroid synthetic hormones |
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Term
| The net effect of implants is to... |
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Definition
| increase the deposition of protein in the form of muscle |
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Term
| Naturally-occuring sex hormone implants contain... |
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Definition
| estrogen, testosterone, and/or progesterone |
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Term
| synthetic sex hormone implants contain... |
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Definition
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Term
| synthetic non-steroid hormone implants contain... |
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Definition
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Term
| The primary sex hormone in implants is... |
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Definition
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Term
| Functions of estrogen implants? |
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Definition
| promotes weight gain by water retention, protein synthesis, and fat deposition, increases somatotropin |
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Term
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Definition
| naturally-occurring bovine growth hormone |
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Term
| Functions of testosterone implants? |
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Definition
| increases protein synthesis, sometimes an adjunct to estrogen, decreases release of estrogen from implant (prolongs its lifetime) |
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Term
| Functions of progesterone implants? |
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Definition
| prevents females from cycling into heat, prolongs lifetime of estrogen-containing implants |
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Term
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Definition
| synthetic testosterone-like compound |
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Term
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Definition
| synthetic non-sex hormone from plants with effects similar to estrogen |
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Term
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Definition
| estrogen and progesterone, for calves, heifers, and steers |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| estrogen and testosterone, for heifers |
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Term
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Definition
| estrogen and progesterone |
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Term
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Definition
| Trenbolone, for heifers and steers |
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Term
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Definition
| Trenbolone and estrogen, for steers |
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Term
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Definition
| Zeranol, for calves, heifers, steers, and sheep |
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Term
| How to restrain for implant administration? |
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Definition
| calves/lambs- on ground, larger cattle in headgate or squeeze chute |
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Term
| At what age are calves restrained in a head gate or squeeze chute? |
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Definition
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Term
| Baby calves may be tattooed at the same time as they are... |
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Definition
| ear tagged, given injection of vitamines ADE, have navel treated |
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Term
| A cow's ear is divided by ___ into ___ sections. |
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Definition
| two ribs of cartilage into 3 sections |
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Term
| A tattoo should be placed... |
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Definition
| in the top third of the ear just above cartilage rib, equidistant from base and tip of ear |
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Term
| Never tattoo in the __ section of the ear because this area is used for ___. |
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Definition
| middle section between cartilage ribs, reserved for some ear tags or brucellosis vaccination tattoo (R ear of heifers) |
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Term
| Ways to apply liquid insecticide |
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Definition
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Term
| Ways to apply powder insecticide |
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Definition
| dusting manually in working chute, dust bags |
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Term
| How to administer dewormer |
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Definition
| auto delivery with drenching nozzle, or paste nozzle |
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Term
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Definition
| absence or narrowing of a passage in the body |
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Term
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Definition
| suspension of killed or attenuated bacteria for use in a vaccine |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| after freshening/calving, abomasum may move to the left side and up (from gas build-up) |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of the uterus |
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Term
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Definition
| only the head of the cow is restrained |
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Term
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Definition
| callosity on back of fetlock |
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Term
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Definition
| callosity on medial surface of leg above knee, or below hock |
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Term
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Definition
| ring of soft horn marking transition between skin and horn |
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Term
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Definition
| circumferential grooves on the horn, more distinct in sheep and goats |
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Term
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Definition
| cornual rings on cow horn that indicate slowed growth during pregnancy/lactation |
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Term
| When can chemical, cauterization, or surgical excision of horns take place? |
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Definition
| As soon as horn buds show, and <1" growth |
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Term
| When is Barnes or small saw used? |
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Definition
| at least 1" growth of horns |
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Term
| Special unit for feeding calves? |
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Definition
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Term
| external sign of heat in heifer or cow |
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Definition
| roughened tailhead = ridden by male |
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Definition
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