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| cortex, medulla, hilum, uretter(s), urinary bladder, trigone, uretha, and meatus. Also renal arteries, arterioles, capillaries, gomerulus, Bowman's capsule, renal tubule, nephon, renal pelvis, calyces (or calices) |
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| urination, voiding, expelling urine |
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| byproducts of urine filtration |
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| water, salts, sugar, urea, nitrogen waste (creatinine and urinic acid) |
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| Enclosing structure surrounding each glomerulus. |
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calyx or calix
(plural: calyces or calices) |
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| Cup-like collecting region of the renal pelvis. |
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| What do they test for when they do do a urinalysis? |
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color
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cloudy (turbid)
pus (pyuria)
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acidic or alkaline (basic)
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albumin |
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| trigone (region of the bladder) |
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| albumin (a protein in the blood) |
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| may indicate a leak in the glomerular membrane |
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recognized as the earliest sign of renal involvement in diabetes mellitus
In diabetes mellius there is excess sugar in the in the bloodstream (hyperglycemia) which leads to “spills over” into the urine because the renal tubules cannot reabsorb all the sugar that filters out through the glomerular membrane. |
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| ketone bodies (or acetones, which is a type of ketone body) |
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| by-products resulting from increased delivery of free fatty acids to the liver. Ketones are dangerous because they increase the acidity of the blood (acidosis) |
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| when the body breaks down fat, instead of sugar ketones accumulate in large quantities in the blood and urine. |
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| abnormal particles in the urine. Can included ipithelial cells, white blood cells, red blood cells, bacteria, crystals, and casts. |
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| cylindrical structures of protein often containing cellular elements |
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| pigment substance resulting from hemoglobin breakdown. Gives urine a darker appearance. indicates liver or gallbladder disease or excessive hemolysis. When liver cant remove bilirubin from the blood hypervilirubienemia occurs, and bilirubinuria follows. |
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| occurs when infants are born lacking the important enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase |
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| type of ketone body, byproduct from the catabolism of fatty acids |
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| when the protein albumin is in the urine. May indicate a leak in the glomerular membrane. |
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| antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
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| hormone from the pituitary gland that normally acts on the renal tubules to cause water to be reabsorbed into the bloodstream |
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| condition caused by renal dysfunction or failure or urinary tract obstruction |
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| toxic condition characteristic of uremia Indicated by an elevated BUN (blood urea nitrogen) test |
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