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Bilinguals are individuals who are fluent in two languages, individuals who actively use, or attempt to use more than one language, even if they have not achieved fluency in their second language |
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The Practice of alternately using two languages, L1, L2. Also native-like control of two languages or balanced bilingualism 2L1
The ability to produce complete meaningful utterances in two languages
Knowing two languages is a normal part of existence for most human beings
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Simultaneous Bilingualism
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| Learn languages at the same time |
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Late Sequential Bilingualism |
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| Context of learning, instructed |
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| Context of learning, outside of professional settings |
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| Where a dialect in used in conjuction with another language, also known as diglossia. |
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| Two languages have equivelant status in official culture and family live |
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| When no related languages are use |
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| Where two languages have been learn naturally |
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| The early stages of bilingualism where one language is not stongly developed. Beginning to acquire a second language. |
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| Biloingualism achieved by learning L2, later than L1, after the age of 3 |
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| Early/Infant Bilingualism |
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| The simultaneous acquisition of two languages at an early age |
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| When the language is learn by living in a speech community of that language. |
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| When the language is learn by living in a speech community of that language. |
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| When fluency in both languages is equal |
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| refers to those who have deficiencies in both languages compared with monolinguals. |
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| When the second language is use on distinct ocasions |
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| A person is more proficient in one of the two languages, in most cases native one |
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| An individual whose ability to function in a second language is developind do to increase use |
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| An individual who begins to feel some difficulty who feels is loosing the proficiency of L2 becuase of lack of use. |
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| An individual whose L2 is acquired at expense of the aptitutdes already acquired in the first language |
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| Receptive/passive bilingualism |
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| An individual who understands a second language either spoken or/and written, but does not necesarilly speaks it or writes it. |
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| An individual who not only understands but also speaks and possibly writes in two or more languages |
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| The art of knowing how to read in L1 and L2 |
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| Coordinate/separate bilingualism |
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| An individual whose two languages are learn in different context |
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| An individual whose languages are learn at the same time in the same context |
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| An individual who exhibits interferance in his or her language usage by reducing the pattern of the second language to those of the first |
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| The language you prefer to talk |
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| A society in which two languages are used but where relatively few individuals are bilingual |
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| Effects of Societal Bilingualsim |
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Definition
| Language contact, maintanence, shift and endangement |
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| Occurs when two or more language or dialects interact |
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| the continuing us of a langauge in the base of competition from a regional and socially more powerful language |
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| Process were a speech commnity changes to another language |
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| A language that is close to dissapearing |
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| Persistent bilingualism in a society over several generations |
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A relatively stable language in which in addition to the primary dialects of the language there is a very divergent, highly codified, superposed variety which is largely learn by formal education and is used for most written and spoken purposes but is not for ordinary conversation |
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| Fishman Extended Diglossia |
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Definition
| A diglossic situation can occur anywhere where two langauges varieties(even unrelated ones) are used in functionally distinctive ways. |
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| speaking in one language but using pieces from another |
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| from standard to vernacular |
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| The adoption of one language into another like lexical items |
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| native language of a speech community codified in dictionaries and grammars(+p+v) |
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| language codified in dictionaries and grammars which is no longer spoken (+p-v) |
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| Language shift in Migrant Minorities |
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| Typically, migrants are monolingual in their mother tongue, their children become bilingual, but grandchildren turn monolingual in the host country language |
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| Language shift in non-migrant communities |
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Definition
| It may result from political, economical or social changes within the speech community |
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| Language death is a gradual process in which the function of language is taken over by a shift to a another language, speaker gradually loss fluency and competence until the language is not spoken anywhere in the world |
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| Factors affecting langauge shift |
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Definition
*economic, political, social
*Large community of speaker, or the community is able to isolate itself from the influence of the majority
*Minority language: pride and respect, ethnic identity, international status |
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| Deliberate efforts to influence the behavior of others with respect to the acquisition structure and functional allocations of their language codes |
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| efforts to influence practices and beliefs through intervention, planning or management |
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| Neuro-images of later bilinguals(after 10) |
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Definition
| Different representation of L1 versus L2 in Broca's area, whereas no difference is found in Wernickes |
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| Neuro-images of Early Bilinguals |
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Definition
| The cortical representation of the two langauges was similar for both broca's and wernicke's areas |
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Definition
| The study of ethnicity or cultural diversity within US and the transformation of learning envio in order to succesfuly educate students from diverse backgrounds |
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| Attitudes about Bilingalism |
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Definition
19th century: people believed been bilingual was a sign of great intellect
20th century: bilingual children had lower IQs than monolingual children
Today: Bilingual speakers may be encouraged to surpress their minority language |
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| Bilingual's creativity potential |
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Bilinguals score higher on the non-verbal uses test than on the word meaning tests.
Combined scores shows the bilinguals were higher therefore more creative |
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*Enhanced academic and linguistic compentence
*Development of skills in cooperation and collaboration
*Appreciation of other cultures and languages
*Cognitive advantages
*Increased job opportunities
*Expanded travel experiences |
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