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Definition
| the sending and recieveing of emotions, ideas, feelings or concepts |
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Definition
| a system of abstract symbols and rule-governed structures, the specific conventions of which are learned |
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| Oral expression of language |
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| an imitation of words, phrases, or even whole sentences in the absence of an understanding of what they are saying |
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Term
| True or False: Speech is Language and Language is Speech. |
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Definition
| FALSE - Speech and language work interdependently of each other. |
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| TRUE OR FALSE: Communication requires the use of language. |
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Definition
| FALSE - Communication can use many different things like facial expressions, body language, etc. |
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Term
| Which of Hockett's Design Features most effectively separates human communication from animal communication? Why? |
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Definition
| Displacement becuase of the fact taht we can talk about things that are distant in time and space and animals only think in the here and now |
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Definition
| meaning of word and how we use them, system of language |
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Definition
| sentence structure, how you put sentences together |
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Definition
| No, braille is not a language |
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| Why is it important to understand the Speech Chain? |
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Definition
| It allows the brains of a speaker and a listener to connect in a communicative sense |
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| Who is Nom Chomsky? and When did he come on the scene? |
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Definition
| One of the first people involved in language and he came on the scene in the 1960s |
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Definition
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Definition
| how we use the language - language in the social context is very different |
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Definition
| Speaker's Brain - speaker decides what they want to express - message put into lanuage form - neural impulses send out speech movements - sounds waves are created - the sound waves are recieved by listener's hearing - the waves are transformed into the message that the speaker was conveying |
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Term
| Who is Charles F. Hockett? |
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Definition
| one of hte first linguists to take a detailed, analytical look at the characteristics of human speech in comparison to the communication systems of other animals. |
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Term
| What was the name of the essay that Hockett wrote? |
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Definition
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| How many design features did Hockett have? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| humans communicate by forcing air through the vocal folds of the larynx and breaking the vibrating air stream into sounds of speech, which are organized into words and sentences |
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Term
| Broadcast transmission and directional reception |
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Definition
| when speech is produced, it radiates in all directions and can be receieved by any listener in range |
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Definition
| speech signals are transitory, they are here and then they are gone |
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Definition
| any human being can say anything that is said by any other human being |
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Definition
| human speakers have the capacity to monitor what they say and how they say it |
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Definition
| speeck is specifically designed for communication and serves no other purpose |
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Term
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Definition
| the rich use of presemantic, semantic, postsemantic, and extrasemantic information in huuman communication |
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Definition
| nothing is inherent in a spoled word to accound for its meaning |
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Definition
| although the speech mechanism can prduce an incredibly wide range of noises, each lanugage is limited to a finite or discrete number of sounds |
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Definition
| humans can talk about things that are distant in time and space |
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Definition
| the ability to be creative in their communication efforts |
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Definition
| although a given language is restricted in teh number of sounds it uses, these sounds can be combined in an infinite number of ways to produce an infinite variety of words, adn the words of language can be combined into an infinite variety of sentences. |
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Definition
| speech is instinctive in humans, we ahve a genetic or biological capacity for language so powerful that few environmental factors can stop teh aquisition of speech |
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Definition
| speech is instinctive in humans, we ahve a genetic or biological capacity for language so powerful that few environmental factors can stop teh aquisition of speech |
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Term
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Definition
| involves a human's ability to use acquired knowledge to create language, to imagine what others may be thinking, to engage in mental time travel to the past and the future, to think about and gain understanding of self, and to realte to a divine being in the development and demonstration of spirituality |
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Definition
| refers to the ability of humans to inentionally decieve others in theie communications |
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| Reflexiveness - metalinguistics ability |
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Definition
| refers to the ability of humans to use language to talk about language |
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Term
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Definition
| learning should be understood beyond the usual interaction with the environment concept |
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Term
| What are the 4 most important of Hockett's features? |
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Definition
| Semanticity, productivity, traditional transmission, and displacement |
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Term
| What is the behaviorist interpretation of language aquisition? |
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Definition
| Focus on observable behaviors and envrionment |
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Term
| Which Theorist is most closely associated with the behaviorst interpretation? |
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Definition
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Term
| In regards to the basic princples of operant conditioning, what is reinforcement? |
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Definition
| when target behavior increases as a result of the response that follows it |
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Term
| What is it called when what is reinforced is closer to the target behavior? Example: wawa, wada, water |
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Definition
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Term
| What do the nativists stress in regards to language aquisition? |
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Definition
| language is innate or biologically based |
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Term
| Do nativists believe all animals have language? |
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Definition
| No, they believe language is universal among humans and unique to humans |
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Term
| What is the Language Aquisition Device (LAD)? |
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Definition
| Concept that underlies nativists understanding of language development. Is a neurophysicological entity, filled with information about the rules of language structure |
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Term
| What theorist is mostly associated with the nativist view? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does transformational generative grammar suggest? |
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Definition
| The language is processed at 2 levels and 2 kinds of rules descrive what is occuring at each level |
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Term
| What are the 2 LEVELS of transformational generative grammar? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 2 RULES of transformational generative grammar? |
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Definition
| Phase structure and transformation |
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Term
| What is the interactionist's interpretation of language acquition? |
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Definition
| offer varying degrees of support for the roles that biology and nature play in the language acquistion process |
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Term
| What is the semantic revolution? |
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Definition
| When theorists shifted their focus from the structure of language conveyed by grammar to the meaning that children convey through grammar as they learn about their world |
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Term
| Who developed case grammar theory? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who developed cognitive theory? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the stage of the cognitive development that extends from birth to 2 years? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do all theorists accept or agree on? |
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Definition
| that a relationship exists between cognitive development and language development |
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Term
| According to the information processing theory are all children born with an internally wired system for language? |
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Definition
| No, they are born with a potential for all kinds of connections between symbols and the things and ideas symbols can represent |
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Term
| What is parallel distributed processing (PDP)? |
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Definition
| That the child processes language information at a number of levels at the same time |
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Term
| What does the language acquisition support structure (LASS) state? |
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Definition
| Is necessary for children to have early social interactions with the important people in their lives to acquire language |
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Term
| What is the zone of proximal development (ZPD)? |
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Definition
| Opportunities caregivers have to provide the help children need to make steady progress in their development |
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Term
| What is the style of speech used by adults when talking to young children? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| When adults repeat what a child has said but adds additional words and/or structure |
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Term
| What is the locutionary act? |
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Definition
| Is the expression of words, limited to the utterance itself |
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Term
| Which act is concerned with the motive or purpose underlying an utterance? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the perlocutionary act? |
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Definition
| The effect the locutionary act might have on the listener, an effect that may or may not be consistent with the speakers intentions |
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Term
| What is the mean focus of the speech act theory? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The study of the functions severed by communication |
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Term
| What is the behaviorist interpretation? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do behaviorists see children begin life? |
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Definition
| "language tank" on empty, they become language users as their tanks are filled by experiences provided by the language models in their environment |
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Term
| What is the key assumption of the behaviorists? |
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Definition
| Environment is the critical and most important factor in the acquisition formula and stress the differences that are explained by the widely varying environments of children. |
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Term
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Definition
Theorist most closely associated with the behaviorist interpretation of speech and language development.
-Viewed all behaviors, including speech as learned behaviors.
-Viewed all behaviors as learned according to the operant conditioning principles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any behavior whose frequency can be affected by the responses that follow it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when target behaviors frequency of occurrence increases as a consequence of the response that follows it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ex. Parent gives child a certain look as he is receiving a gift. Look reminds child to say “thank you”. Over time the look-discriminative stimulus-comes to control the frequency with which the child says “thank you”. |
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Definition
| Signal indicating reinforcement will not follow a particular response |
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Term
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Definition
| Warns of unpleasant consequences for particular behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Learning behaviors through a series of sequenced events. Ex-Stringing words together in a sentence. |
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Term
| Skinner believes verbal behaviors serve one of five functions, what are those five functions? |
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Definition
| choic, Tact, Mand, Intraverbal, and Autoclitic |
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Term
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Definition
| the imitation of a model in the presence of a nonverbal stimulus to which the word refers |
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Term
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Definition
| a verbal behavior used to name or label something, typically in response to things or events the speaker is discussing |
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Term
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Definition
| a verbal behavior used to request, command, or make a demand, and it identifies its own reinforcer |
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Term
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Definition
| a production that oftens seems to have no direct connection to the utterance that precipitated it |
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Term
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Definition
| responses can be understood in two ways, first responses influence nad are influenced by the speaker's behaviors, second autoclitic responses account for the linking of words into sentences |
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Term
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Definition
| Categorizes language in its earliest stages as a behavior no more complicated than a habit used to influence or control the behavior of others. |
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Term
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Definition
| Classical conditioning principles to explain language acquisition. Ex-Word sit develops meaning, as it comes to represent the physical act associated with it, through the process of conditioning. |
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Term
| What is the nativist interpretation? |
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Definition
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Term
| transformational generative grammar |
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Definition
| accounts for the production of an unlimited number of grammatically acceptable sentences with a finite number of rules. Suggests that language is processed at 2 levels and 2 kinds of rules describe what is occurring at each level. |
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Term
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Definition
| Describe the relationships of the most basic elements of sentences while they are thoughts, before they become spoken or written. |
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Definition
| Rules are universal and operate in all languages. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rules that describe the rearrangement of deep structures as they are moved to the next level of structure=surface. |
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Term
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Definition
| Theorists shifted their focus from the structure of language conveyed by grammar to the meaning that children convey through grammar as they learn about their world. |
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Term
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Definition
| For a language to be truly generative, it must generate meaning as well as structure. That meaning in language is expressed not only in words but also through the syntactic relationship among words. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sentence characteristics such as verb tense |
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Term
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Definition
| Relationship between nouns and verbs in sentences and how this relationship determines the meaning underlying that sentence. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to a specific semantic role or function that can be filled by a particular type of noun phrase. |
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Term
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Definition
| Agentive, Dative, Experiencer, Factitive, Instrumental, Locative, Objective |
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Term
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Definition
| Asserted that transformational generative grammar is more useful in explaining children’s language if the analysis includes semantic information that can be used to help analysts draw conclusions about underlying structures. |
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Term
| Cognitive theorists believe |
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Definition
Language does not hold a unique position in overall development.
Language itself is not innate but cognitive precursors for language are innate.
Language emerges as a product of cognitive organization and development. |
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Term
| Parallel distributed processing (PDP) |
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Definition
| Children process language information at a number of different levels at the same time. Language forms that are experienced repeatedly activate and strengthen connections in the PDP device. Other connections weaken. The connections that are most consistent with the language evidence the child is gathering is retained in the child’s communication system. |
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