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Definition
| the study of speech sounds that deals with the sounds themselves and the manner of their production rather than with their organization into the patterns of a particular language |
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Term
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Definition
| International Phonetic Alphabet- common speech sounds and modifications |
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Definition
| Phonetically, a speech sound articulated with no significant constriction in the breath channel, produced when oral cavity is open to air |
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Definition
| Sounds produced when the oral cavity is constricted or occluded, when vocal tract is either blocked or constricted enough to produced audible friction |
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Definition
| Produced when tongue is nearing front of mouth, with front of tongue placed on bottom of mouth |
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Definition
| produced when tongue is pressed against velum, "K" sound |
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Definition
| characteristic of a speech sound in which either the tongue or lower lip articulates against the upper teeth to partially or completely block the passage of air through the mouth |
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Definition
| sound produced when the lower ip is pressed lightly against the upper teeth and air is forced between them, eg "F" or "V" |
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Definition
| speech sound in which the tip of the tongue is placed between the teeth, like "think" and "this" when carefully articulated, could change according to dialects |
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Definition
| speech sound like "m" or "n" in which part or all of the air is allowed to escape through the nose |
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Definition
| When the root of the tongue is placed against the pharyx, usually in north african languages. |
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Term
Phonology
Phonetics
Morphophonemic |
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Definition
the sounds of a language and their organization into patterns
Grammar that generates senteces by providing syntax and for organization of morphemes, rules are those which convert this sequences of morphemes into sounds, provide transition from syntax to grammar
The aspect of the study of speech sounds that deals with the sounds themselves and the manner of their producion rather than with their organization into the patterns (phonology) |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of the production of speech sounds by the vocal organs, the description, classification, and transcription of these sounds. |
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Definition
| Consonants are where the vocal tract is blocked enough that it will produce friction, vowels let out air from vocal channel |
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Term
Morpheme
Bound morpheme
Stem morpheme |
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Definition
smallest meaningful unit of speech, such as unrestful could be "un" "rest" "ful" becomes three morphemes,
Bound morphemes are such that cannot be by themsevles such as "ir" in "irreplaceable"
Single root or word or compound word such as "bird" or "blackbird"-
"S" would be a separator |
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Term
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Definition
| Regional variety of language that may differ from other varieties of the language by features of vocab, grammar, and pronunciation. Could be used by one occupational group or social class. |
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| Diglossia (and how it differs from dialect) |
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Definition
| the use of two distinct varieties of language for two different sets of functions, such as formal among profs but casual among friends. |
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Term
| Pidgin and Creole (origins and evolutions) |
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Definition
Pidgin: Simplified form of a language which is marked by a small vocab and uncomplicated grammar
Creole: Pidgin language that is learned as a first language by a child who heard his parents or associates with speaking a pidgin language
Often arose after colonialism or occupation of an area where a lingua franca is missing therefore leading to the creation of a simple language for both parties, Lousiana version with an influence of French, English etc. |
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Definition
| Language of papua New Guinea |
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Term
| Origins of African American Vernacular Language |
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Definition
One theory suggests that due to the double negation, it is similar to Elizabethan English
Another theory suggests that it was created through creolization where slaves were forced togethe rand had to create a lingua franca |
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Term
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Definition
| The casual form of a spoken language or dialect, spoken by a group of people who are dominated by aothe group in political form |
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Definition
| Not the same as official, it means it is recognzied to be spoken all over a country by a large amount of people but isn't used in gov't issues. |
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Term
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Definition
| A language used in gov't offices, schools, etc and is usually considered "higher" than the other minority languages. |
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Definition
| Common language used between two groups living in a common area for diplomacy and other social functions. |
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Definition
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Definition
| articulatory depending on syllable, change in pitch and several in NC as "Southern english" is the largest group |
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Term
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Definition
| Check ocracoke hoi toide book |
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Term
| style shifting vs code shifting |
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Definition
| code switiching is changing from one language or language variety to another in the course of the spoken interaction where as style shifting is different styles of the same language such as proper, informal, to intimate etc |
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Term
| elaborated vs. restricted codes |
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Definition
| Elaborated is formal language used by educated people where as restricted is informal with reduced grammar |
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Term
| sociological vs. anthropological approaches to sociolinguistics |
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Definition
Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to social status (gender, age, ethnicity, religion),
sociological approach is through the statuses and how it plays a role there, anthropological is where it studies each status and how it applies as a whole rather than social status |
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Term
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Definition
The controversies usually revolve around whether it should be considered a dialect:
Ebonics is a variation of AAE, it isn't helping AA students to become proficient in Standard American english and will socioeconomically wrong, ebonics might be useful to use when teaching students SAE, competence in one or more language or dialect is an asset
Oakland school system wanted to use it but others didn't want to |
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Term
| Standard language, how does it develop |
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Definition
| standard language occurs as people become more intermixed such as in the mid-west when people began migrating for gold and began "losing" their acents, it is hard to define and every region has it's own "standard" so it can't really be labeled. |
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Term
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Definition
| all those that share a language variety as well as specific rules for speaking and interpreting speech |
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Term
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Definition
| the context of which speaking takes place (family meal, beer party, etc) |
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Definition
| a basic unit of verbal interaction (for example an interview, telephone inquiry etc) |
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Definition
| Minimum unit of speech (greeting, apology, self introduction) |
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Definition
| Did a study in department stores in NYC in which "r" was used in Car etc more after status went up, non use was considered low class. Hypercorrection or the case in which one corrects to go to a presume standard and goes beyond presumed standard and produces a nonstandard form usually happens. |
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Term
| Sapir- Whorf Hypothesis and examples from Farb |
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Definition
| A theory of the relationship between language and thought, belief that language determines the way the speakers perceive the world around them. |
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Definition
| For Navajo: reality is a mirror of a language, therefore words cannot be translated into one english word because they cover so many english thoughts, |
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Definition
| the view that structural difference among languages are reflected in the worldviews of the speakers therefore showing that there is no best language because everyone's language is best in their eyes |
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| Ethnography of communication |
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Definition
| the study of the nature and function of communicative behavior among the members of a soceity with emphasis on linguistic interaction. |
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Definition
| Hymes components of speech which translates to settings, participants, ends, act, keys, instrumentalities, norms, and genres. |
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Term
| ethnoscience (semantic domain) |
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Definition
| the study of well defined parts of culture on the basis of how they are named by native speakers of a particular society |
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Definition
| the branch of linguistics concerned with the various aspects of the relationship between society and language; the study of ways in which an individual's speech conveys social information |
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Definition
| Methods have to be careful in order to avoid vernacular forms of speech as well as avoiding the subject from being aware of being observed. Also use the quantitative method in order to acheive accuracy in dialect observation. |
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Term
| Gender thought and speech |
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Definition
| Varies according to male and female as men prefer more logistics or reporting well as women prefer to speak while creating a relationship. Women also avoid assertiveness by using hedge words like maybe, rather etc |
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Term
| What do sociolinguists study? |
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Definition
| Study the effect of the society on the language, study groups and language of the groups |
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Term
| Benefits and disadvantages of multilingualism |
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Definition
| Multilingualism arises through migration, conquest, federation and cross border contacts, multilinugalism is good for diplomacy and understanding other groups but can often be stigmatized especially if one doesn't speak the "standard" or "highly prestiged" language. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used as something that carries the same idea in order to make sense with a word |
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Term
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Definition
| the belief that language defines the way speakers perceive the world around them |
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Definition
| Believed that language does not often change even if a society goes through a revolution, if society structure changes, language has a few vocab changes but takes a longer time to change compared to society. |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of the Sapir Whorf hypothesis, stuided the Hopi and concluded that one perceives the world through his or her language where the Hopi have no perception of time where as the Standard Average European (SAE) focuses on tenses of present, past, and future. |
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Term
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Definition
| Asserted that there is no inner relationship among a people's physical type, culture and language, meaning they weren't born with it and is rather acquired. Rejected idea of primitive thought. |
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Term
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Definition
French anthropologist interested in mental
structures and categories and developed an
influential theory called French Structuralism –
Tristes Tropiques and Mythologiques (4 Vol. –
1964-1970).
“bricoleur” vs. scientist explains the nature of
the difference between primitive and Western
scientific logic. i.e., different strategies by which
humans make phenomena accessible to human thought |
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Term
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Definition
| Believed in primal sort of thinking called "pre-logic" where cause and effect is seen but logic is wrong, primitive thinking to describe primitive cultures |
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Term
| Different kinds of writing systems |
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Definition
Three systems which are one sound=one symbol (straight phonemes), syllabic system (combo of phonemes), one idea=one symbol (logographic like chinese, no sound component)
Examples are that Mayan uses symbols, english uses syllable, cherokee has 85 symbols |
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Term
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Definition
| Straight pictures that have meanings such as logo's in american culture |
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Definition
| Just like pictograms, "Sumerican script" |
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Definition
| Like the mayan symbols where each one resembled an idea |
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Term
| When/where/how was writing invented? |
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Definition
| In the past, writing was thought to be invented once inthe old world (sumerian) and once in the new world (mayan), today it is thought to be invented several times like in china, sumerians, and mayans. It is thought to have arisen late in human history. |
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Term
| code shifting vs. style shifting |
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Definition
| code shifting is moving from one language or dialect to another, style shifting is changing from one form of speaking like formal to informal. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to consonants that are set up at some point along the speech tract by the articulators like partial closing of the mouth, complete closing of the mouth etc |
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Term
| Point or place of articulation |
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Definition
| Place of articulation which is where goes from glottis to lips so parts of the mouth |
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Term
| Meaning of aspiration (p h) or (p =) |
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Definition
| Words that are pronounced with an explosion of air (pat, hat) etc |
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Term
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Definition
| speech sound produced where the vocal cords are vibrating (like b,d,g)- drawn out |
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Term
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Definition
| Nasal sounds are where air comes out of the nose such as "m, n" |
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Term
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Definition
| the initial and final sound of "bob" |
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Term
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Definition
| the prestige variety of a language used by a speech community under usually formal circumstances, used by the educated |
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Term
| Stimatized vs prestiged dialects |
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Definition
| minority vs. standard dialects |
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Term
| situation centered vs. child centered households and bilingual spanish |
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Definition
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Term
| How do nations become multilingual |
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Definition
| Upon migration but only function upon legitimacy of the authority or leadership, |
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Term
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Definition
| Defines ethnic identity or groups that people belong to according to the language, important for successful individuals because it is important that they identify with both and can connect with both. |
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Term
| Acquisition theory: 2nd language acquisition in simultanious bilinguals: unitary and separate systems |
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Definition
| During the second stage, the bilingual child actually mixes words from both languages but drops by the end of the third year. Single grammatical form is used after that but by the end of fourth year, syntax becomes distinct and child realizes that the two are different languages. |
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Term
| Cajun, Gullah, and Hawaiians are creoles |
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Definition
| Pidgin languages that become creole or more national languages after widely being spoken. |
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Term
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Definition
| it is a deliberate attempt by an institution to affect language use in order to prevent or to solve some problem of communication, important so doesn't cause marginilization |
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Term
| Elaborated codes vs restricted |
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Definition
| Elaborated means formal language used by educated people and restricted is informal with reduced grammatical style |
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