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| The scientific study of behavior and mental proceses |
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| The view that (a) knowledge comes from experience via the senses, and (b) science flourishes through observation and experiment |
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| an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind |
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| a school of psychology that focused on how mental and behavioral processes funtion - how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and florish |
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| historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people; used personalized methods to study personality in hopes of fostering personal growth. |
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| the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the developmet of psychological traits and behaviors |
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| the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations |
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| the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon |
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| an integrated perspective that incorporates biological, psychological and social-cultural leves of analysis |
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| pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base |
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| scientific study that aims to solve practical problems. |
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| a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being |
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| a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders |
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| a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy |
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| the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. (Also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon) |
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| thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions. |
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| an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes obervations and predicts behaviors or events. |
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| a testable prediction, ofter implied by a theory |
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| a statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables. for example, human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures. |
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| repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants indifferent situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances |
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| an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles. |
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| a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors or people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them. |
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| the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors |
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| all the cases in a group, from which samples my be drawn for a study. (note: except for national studies, this does not refer to a country's whole population.) |
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| a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion |
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| ovserving and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation |
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| a measure of the extent to which 2 factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other. the correlation coefficient is the mathematical expression of the relationship, ranging for -1 to +1. |
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| a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values fo 2 variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the 2 varibles. the amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation (little scatter indicates high correlation.) (also called a scattergram or scatter diagram.) |
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| the perception of a relationship where none exists |
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| an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have recived the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies. |
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| (Placebo - Latin for "I Shall Please")Experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which is assumed to be an active agent. |
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| condition of an experiment that exposes participants to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable. |
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| condition of an experiment that contrasts with the experimental condition and serves as a comparison for evaluation the effect of the treatment. |
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| assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups. |
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| the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied |
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| the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable. |
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| the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution. |
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| the arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores. |
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| the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it. |
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| the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution |
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| a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score |
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| a statistical statement of how much scores vary around the mean score |
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| the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next |
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