Term
What is the ventral, motor component of the embryonic spinal chord called?
What sulcus separates it from the sensory part? |
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Definition
Basal Plate
Sulcus limitans |
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Term
| What fiber tract interconnects motor cortex in the right and left hemispheres? ___________________________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Where in the precentral gyrus is the leg represented? __________ ______________________ |
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Definition
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Term
| What part of the frontal lobe is concerned with control of the motor components of speech? _______________________? |
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Definition
| Inferior Frontal Gyrus (Broca's) |
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Term
| What brain region is concerned with emotional reactivity and personality? _____________________ |
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Definition
| Most of frontal lobe, except for Motor cortex |
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Term
| How does the body map in the postcentral gyrus compare with that in the precentral gyrus? ___________________________ |
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Definition
| Both are mapped with legs medial and arms/hands lateral. |
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Term
What divides the occipital cortex from the parietal cortex on the lateral surface of the cortex? _________________________
On the medial surface? ____________________________ |
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Definition
Lateral= Line between parieto-occipital sulcus and pre-occipital notch
Medial= Parieto-occipital sulcus |
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Term
| What gyri constitute primary auditory cortex? _________________________________________ |
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Definition
| Transverse gyri of heschl |
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Term
| What part of the cerebral cortex is involved with motor control? ________________________ |
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Definition
| Precentral gyrus (frontal lobe) |
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Term
| What sensations are represented in the cortex of the uncus, which overlies the medial side of the amygdala in Figure 4-3? _______________________ |
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Definition
| Olfactory (with Parahippocampal gyrus) |
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Term
| In what lobes are the auditory and visual cortices located? _________________ and _____________________ |
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Definition
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Term
| In what part of the cerebral cortex (lobe/gyrus) does this pathway originate? _________________________ |
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Definition
| Precentral gyrus (motor cortex) |
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Term
| To what part of the cerebral cortex does the medial geniculate project? ________________________ |
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Definition
| Transverse gyrus of Heschl |
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Term
| What thalamic nucleus also receives inputs from the optic tract? ________________________________ |
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Definition
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Term
1) What kind of eye movement deficit do you think would result from a lesion that destroyed the right abducens nerve? ____________________
2) Which cranial nerve innervates the medial rectus muscle? ______________________
3) The inferior oblique? __________________ |
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Definition
1) Cant turn right eye to the right
2) CN III
3) CN III |
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Term
| The large cranial nerve that exits the lateral aspect of the pons is: ___________________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What telencephalic structures lie near the tentorial incisure? ____________________________ |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the lamina terminalis in the embryonic neural tube? ___________________________ |
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Definition
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Term
What structure forms the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle? _______________________
Its medial wall? __________________________ |
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Definition
1) Head of the caudate
2) Septum pellucidum |
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Term
| What is the lamina terminalis in the embryonic neural tube? ___________________________ |
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Definition
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Term
What structure forms the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle? _______________________
Its medial wall? __________________________ |
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Definition
1) Head of the caudate
2) Septum pellucidum |
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Term
| Clinically, occlusion of the trunk of one ACA produces a contralateral hemiplegia with the leg being affected more than the arm or face. Why is the leg most affected? ________________________________________ |
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Definition
| The left is located medially in the pre-central gyrus. |
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Term
What vessels supply the posterior limb of the internal capsule? _______________
What large commissure is supplied by branches of the anterior cerebral artery? __________________________ |
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Definition
1) Lenticulostriate and Anterior Choroidal
2) Corpus Callosum |
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Term
| What regions are supplied by the posterior communicating arteries? |
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Definition
They Join Internal Carotid and Posterior Cerebral arteries.
Supply the posterior hypothalamus and anterior rand medial thalamus. |
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Term
What artery supplies the medullary pyramids? _______________________________
What functional deficit might result from its occlusion unilaterally? _______________________________ |
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Definition
1) Anterior Spinal
2) contralateral paralysis, fine touch and tongue contraction. |
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Term
What is the function of the lateral corticospinal tract? _________________________
Where are the cell bodies of origin of the left corticospinal tract? ________________________ |
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Definition
1) Motor control
2) Pre-central gyrus |
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Term
| What cranial nerve exits from the brainstem between the olives and the pyramids? ___________________________ |
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Definition
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Term
| What two nuclei are termination sites of vagal afferents in the brainstem? _______________________ _____________________ |
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Definition
1) Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus
2) Nucleus Solitarius |
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Term
| The physical juxtaposition of the area postrema and dorsal nucleus of the vagus suggests a possible functional relationship between the two. What is it? ______________________ |
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Definition
| Chemicals in bloodstream may induce a visceromotor response (i.e., vomiting) |
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Term
| Between what two nuclei is the nucleus ambiguus located? __________________________ and ___________________________ |
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Definition
1) Spinal Trigeminal Tract/Nucleus
2) Inferior Olivary Nucleus |
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Term
| What kind of information is relayed to the caudal part of the nucleus solitarius? ______________ |
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Definition
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Term
| What nucleus provides parasympathetic innervation to the heart? |
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Definition
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Term
Where are the cell bodies of origin of fibers in the right medial lemniscus? ______________________
Where do these axons terminate? ______________________ |
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Definition
1) Left dorsal root ganglion synpase on right nucleus gracilus/cuneus
2) VPL of right thalamus |
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Term
Where is the spinothalamic tract in relation to the spinal trigeminal nucleus? _____________________________
What information travels in the right spinothalamic tract? _____________________________ |
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Definition
1) Just ventral to it
2) Pain and temperature from left side of body |
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Term
Where are the cell bodies of first order afferents
mediating proprioception of the leg? ___________________________
What tracts convey this information to higher brain centers?________________________ |
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Definition
1) Lumbar and Sacral dorsal roots synapsing on Dorsal Nucleus of Clark
2) Spinocerebellar and Gracile fasciculus. |
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Term
| From which side of the cerebral cortex does the right cerebellum indirectly receive motor command information? __________________ |
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Definition
| Left, through the middle cerebral peduncle |
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Term
Which cerebellar peduncle contains projections from the inferior olivary nucleus to the cerebellum? _______________________
Which side of the thalamus receives direct outputs from the right cerebellum? __________________________ |
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Definition
1) Inferior gets brainstem and spinal chord
2) Left (through superior peduncle) |
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Term
| Which arteries supply the middle and superior Cerebellar peduncles, respectively? |
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Definition
1) Middle is AICA
2) Superior (output) is Superior Cerebellar |
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Term
The medulla contains:
A. vagal fibers.
B. glossopharyngeal axons.
C. nucleus solitarius.
D. spinal trigeminal nucleus.
E. principal sensory nucleus of the trigeminal |
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Definition
|
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Term
The mesencephalon contains the:
A. mesencephalic nucleus and tract.
B. medial lemniscus.
C. spinal trigeminal tract.
D. facial colliculus.
E. principal sensory nucleus. |
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Definition
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Term
In addition to the trigeminal nerve, somatic afferent fibers descend in the spinal trigeminal tract from the:
A. trochlear nerve.
B. trigeminal, glosssopharyngeal and hypoglossal nerves.
C. hypoglossal and vagal nerves.
D. hypoglossal and facial nerves.
E. vagus, glossopharyngeal and facial nerves. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which nucleus contains dopaminergic projection neurons? |
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Definition
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Term
| Occlusion of what blood vessel would be likely to be associated with loss of voluntary movement on the left side of the body and deviation of the tongue, when protruded, towards the right? |
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Definition
| Anterior Spinal (right branches) |
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Term
| Occlusion of what blood vessel would be likely to be associated with loss of pain and temperature sensation to the left side of the face and pain and temperature sensation to the right side of the body? |
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Definition
LEFT PICA
Crossed signs= brain stem with spinothalamic and spinal trigeminal involvement. |
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Term
| Damage to what cranial nerve(s) would produce ptosis (drooping) of the left eyelid and a dilated left pupil? |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following symptoms might occur following damage to the facial nerve?
A. Inability to smile
B. Nausea
C. Ringing sound in the ear
D. Dry mouth
E. Loss of taste on back of tongue |
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Definition
| A (Facial muscles), C (Stapedius), D (superior salavary nucleus) |
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Term
| Headache pain associated with a space occupying mass within the cranial vault is mediated by what cranial nerve? |
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Definition
| Trigeminal from left side of body. |
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Term
| How can you tell between excitatory and inhibitory synapses? |
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Definition
1) Excitatory have round vesicles
2) Inhibitory have flot, pleomorphic vesicles |
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Term
| The internal capsule interconnects structures such as cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia on which side of the brain (ipsilateral, contralateral, bilaterally)? __________________________ |
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Definition
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Term
| The hippocampus projects to the mammillary bodies by way of the ________________________________ |
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Definition
| Fornix, and then on to the anterior nucleus of the thalamus and the frontal cortex via the anterior limb of the internal capsule |
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Term
Based on your knowledge of this anatomy what kinds of deficits might theoretically be observed following vascular lesions in the anterior part of the posterior limb of the internal capsule? _________________________
How might these differ from deficits observed following occlusion of the cortical branches of the middle or anterior cerebral arteries? ______________________________________ |
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Definition
1) Contralateral hemiparesis of body
2) The arm and leg would be equally affected. |
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Term
The corpus callosum interconnects homologous regions of the cortical hemispheres.
Thus, fibers within the genu of the corpus callosum interconnect parts of the ____________________(1) lobe, fibers in its body connect regions of the_____________________(2) and ____________________(3) lobes, while regions of the temporal and occipital lobes are interconnected by commissural fibers traveling in the _____________________(4) of the corpus callosum. |
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Definition
1) Frontal lobe
2) Frontal lobe
3) Parietal
4) Splenium |
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Term
In which thalamic nuclei would you expect to observe the heaviest retrograde degeneration following ablation of:
Area 4 ______________________
Areas 3, 1 and 2 ______________________
Areas 41 and 42 ______________________
Area 17 ______________________ |
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Definition
1) Motor Cortex, so Ventral Lateral
2) Somatosensory Cortex, so VPL and VPM
3) Temporal (auditory), so MGN
4) Occipital (vision), so LGN |
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Term
| Fiber projections from the hypothalamus to the anterior thalamic nucleus course in the _________________________ tract. |
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Definition
mamillothalamic tract
Hippocampus to Mamillary Bodies via fornix. From M. bodies to anterior nucleus and then on to cingulate gyrus through anterior limb of internal capsule. |
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Term
| Name four parts of the corpus callosum from rostral to caudal. |
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Definition
1) Rostrum (frontal)
2) Genu (frontal)
3) Body (frontal/parietal)
4) Splenium (occipital/temporal) |
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Term
| The _____________ and ______________ form the lateral wall of the third ventricle |
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Definition
| Thalamus and Hypothalamus |
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Term
| Name three specific sensory relay nuclei in the thalamus ________________________, ________________________, and _________________________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which thalamic nucleus receives input from the temporal lobe and projects to frontal cortex? |
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Definition
| Dorsomedial nucleus (olfaction and limbic) |
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Term
| Branches of what major artery supplies structures in the posterior parts of the diencephalon? |
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Definition
| Posterior Cerebral Artery |
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Term
| Axons from cells in Clarke's nucleus project to the _______________________(ipsilateral, contralateral) (1)________________________(2) via the ________________________(3) tract. |
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Definition
1) Ipsilateral
2) Cerebellum
3) Dorsal Spinocerebellar |
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Term
| If the right posterior columns are transected, on which side of the body is the sensory loss? ____________________ |
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Definition
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Term
| The cuneate fasciculus is present only at spinal cord levels above ___________________________ |
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Definition
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Term
| A midline lesion that transects the internal arcuate fibers results in what kinds of deficits? _________________________________ |
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Definition
| Bilateral lack of fine sensation. |
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|
Term
| a nucleus in the dorsal horn that is important in modulating incoming sensory information is the ______________________ |
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Definition
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Term
| New fibers entering the spinothalamic tract at successively higher levels are added to the medial aspects of the tract so that the sacral levels are represented most laterally and cervical segments medially. How does this compare with the topographic organization of the posterior columns? _____________ |
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Definition
| Opposite before medial lemniscus and the same following crossover via internal arcuate fibers. |
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|
Term
| Syringomyelia is a disease that causes a softening or cavitation of the spinal cord. Typically the lesion is around the central canal at cervical levels. What kind of deficits would be produced by such a lesion affecting spinal segments C5-T1? ________________ _______________________ |
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Definition
| Bilateral loss of pain/temp in arms and hands |
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Term
Where do the spinothalamic tract and the medial lemniscus come closely together? _______________________ ___________________
From a diagnostic standpoint what might be one implication of their separation at lower levels? ____________________________________________________ |
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Definition
1) In the mid-upper pons as they approach the thalamus.
2) With a unilateral lesion, different symptoms (i.e., loss of tactile discrimination, pain and temperature) |
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Term
| Review the somatotopic representation of the body within the spinothalamic tract and medial lemniscus at a point just caudal to where they join; how do they compare? _________________________________ |
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Definition
| They are the same (legs lateral and hands/arms medial) |
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Term
| Sensory afferents terminating within the spinal trigeminal nucleus are distributed topologically: fibers of the ophthalamic division terminate _____________________, fibers of the mandibular division terminate _________________ and those of the maxillary division terminate ____________________ |
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Definition
1) Ventrally
2) Dorsally
3) In between |
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|
Term
| The blood supply to the internal capsule is provided mainly by the _______________ and __________________. |
|
Definition
1) Anterior Choroidal
2) Lenticulostriate |
|
|
Term
In the precentral gyrus, the representation of the mouth and hand are disproportionately large. From what two principal sources is the blood supply to this region derived? ________________ ____________
What is the clinical significance of this?____________________________ |
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Definition
1) ACA (lower extremities)
2) MCA (upper extremities and face) |
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Term
| How might somatosensory information be conveyed to motor cortex in the precentral gyrus, which does not receive direct thalamocortical inputs from the ventral posterior nucleus? ___________________ |
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Definition
| 1) Long intracortical association fibers. |
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Term
| The trigeminal nucleus that contains proprioceptive afferents from the face is the ______________________________________. |
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Definition
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|
Term
In the lateral spinothalamic tract the leg is represented:
a. medially
b. dorsally
c. ventrally
d. laterally |
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Definition
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Term
Spinothalamic tract fibers terminate in which of the following (circle all correct choices).
a. VPM
b. VPL
c. dorsal nucleus of Clarke
d. brainstem reticular formation
e. all of the above |
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Definition
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Term
A lesion of the anterolateral quadrant of the spinal cord white matter will directly damage axons in which of the following tracts:
a. spinoreticular
b. spinocerebellar
c. anterior and lateral spinothalamic
d. Lissauer's tract
e. all of the above |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Following transection of a dorsal root, axonal degeneration is not observed in the contralateral spinothalamic tract. Why? |
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Definition
| Dorsal root axons synapse in the spinal grey matter and do not enter the spinothalamic tract. The neurons on which they synapse give rise to axons that enter the spinothalamic tract. |
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Term
| Where are the cell bodies of second-order neurons subserving the conscious appreciation of arm position? Of leg position? |
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Definition
Nucleus cuneatus
Nucleus gracilus (leg) |
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|
Term
| What will moving your head down (as if starting to shake "yes") do to each of the three semicircular canals? _________________________ |
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Definition
Horizontal Canal- no response
Anterior Canal- Excited
Posterior Canal- Inhibited |
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|
Term
The utricular macula is roughly horizontal, the saccular macula is vertical.
What sort of movements would best stimulate each organ? ______________________ ______________________________ (1) Which do you think would respond more vigorously if you nodded your head "yes"? ______________________________(2) Which can tell if you are upside-down? _________________________________________(3) Which can tell if you are lying on your back? ________________________________________(4) |
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Definition
1) Utricular- static tilt of head
Saccular- up/down
2) Utricule
3) Saccule
4) Both |
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Term
When do the SO and IO influence depression/elevation?
What about the IR and SR? |
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Definition
| depression and elevation are respectively subserved by SO and IO during adduction, and by IR and SR during abduction |
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|
Term
| Consider the effects of a tumor impinging on the floor of the 4th ventricle |
|
Definition
| internuclear ophthalmoplegia |
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|
Term
| Have a partner stand with head erect and turn her body counterclockwise in a circle through four or five revolutions. Examine her eye movements after she stops turning. What do you see? ___________________(6) What is the vestibular basis for this nystagmus? ______________________________________(7) |
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Definition
6) Right-beating post-rotatory nystagmus (i.e., eyes slowly drift to the left and saccade to the right)
7. When the head initially turns to the left, the ampullae for the left and right horizontal semicircular canals are stimulated and inhibited, respectively. However, with continued head turning, the semicircular canals cease to respond and return to a baseline level of activation (remember that the canals respond to acceleration and not to a constant rate of movement). When the head stops turning leftward (i.e., sudden deceleration), endolymph displacement continues in the counter- clockwise direction due to inertia and thus stimulates the right, and inhibits the left, semicircular canals. (Thus, the simulus for post-rotatory nystagmus is the stopping of head movement.) Right canal activation elicits a VOR to the left, which gives rise to the slow, leftward eye movement.
This slow eye movement is interrupted by a rapid resetting saccade to the right. This saccade is central, rather than labrynthine, in origin. |
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Term
| What happens when the vestibular system goes awry? What are some of the symptoms? |
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Definition
| Nausea, vomitting, sickness, vertigo |
|
|
Term
| Why have a vestibular system? |
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Definition
| Know where your head is in space |
|
|
Term
| Which major tract interconnects caudal and rostral oculomotor nuclei? |
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Definition
| MLF (VI, IV and III, caudal to rostral) |
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|
Term
| A patient with a cerebral infarct cannot initiate horizontal saccades to the right. Which hemisphere is most likely affected? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which types of eye movements can/can't take place in the dark? |
|
Definition
1) Saccades, VOR and Nystagmus CAN take place in the dark
2) Smooth pursuit, Optokinetic and Vergence CANNOT |
|
|
Term
| Which eye movements are largely voluntary in nature? |
|
Definition
1) Saccades CAN BE
2) Smooth pursuit
3) Vergence
Optokinetic, VOR and Nystagmus are involuntary |
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