Term
|
Definition
| The dynamic study of life, specifically the "vital" functions of living organisms and their organs |
|
|
Term
| What does physiology focus on? |
|
Definition
| the mechanisms of action within a system relative to its structure |
|
|
Term
| What is the idea behind adaptive significance? |
|
Definition
| Why does a certain function help us survive a particular situation |
|
|
Term
| Through what mechanisms do cells combine to form integrated, complex systems? |
|
Definition
| Specialization, cooperation and interdependence |
|
|
Term
| What are the six levels of structural organization? |
|
Definition
| Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it is composed of all atoms and molecules essential for maintaining life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It consists of all cells, the basic structural and functional units of an organism and the smallest living units in the human body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is formed by tissues, groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Consists of organs, structures composed of two o more different types of tissues with specific functions and usually having recognizable shapes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Formed by systems; related organs that have a common function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the systems together constitue an organism, a total living individual |
|
|
Term
| What two approaches are used to explain the events that occur in the body? |
|
Definition
| One looks at the purpose of a body process and the other looks at the mechanism by which the process occurs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the body's ability to maintain a dynamic steady state of internal physiological environment. |
|
|
Term
| What do homeostatis mechanisms operate through? |
|
Definition
| sophisticated feedback control mechanisms |
|
|
Term
| What is a feedback system or feedback loop? |
|
Definition
| A cycle of events in which the status of a vital parameter is continually monitored, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on |
|
|
Term
| Does a single feedback loop work in isolation? |
|
Definition
| No, it works as a larger network of controls |
|
|
Term
| What is the basic structure of a feedback loop? (4) |
|
Definition
| Vital parameter (controlled variable), sensory (receptor), integrating center, and effector |
|
|
Term
| What is a vital parameter (as a part of the feedback loop) |
|
Definition
| the specific factor that is being monitored and controlled by the system |
|
|
Term
| What are the sensory receptors? (as a part of the feedback loop) |
|
Definition
| It monitors the controlled variable for any deviations caused by a stimulus from the external environment |
|
|
Term
| How does information transmit in sensor receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the integrating center (as a part of the feedback loop) |
|
Definition
| receives and processes input information from sensor |
|
|
Term
| How does the integrating center instruct to carry out an appropriate response? |
|
Definition
| sent to the effector via the efferent pathways |
|
|
Term
| What is the effector? (as a part of the feedback loop) |
|
Definition
| Receives instructions from integrating center and responds accordingly |
|
|
Term
| What areas of the body can feedback loops occur? |
|
Definition
| within cells, tissues, organs, organ system, or the whole body |
|
|
Term
| What feedback mechanism is one of the most common in physiology? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does negative feedback work? |
|
Definition
| It opposes changes caused by an initial stimulus--> this brings the vital parameter closer to the set point |
|
|
Term
| What do positive feedback mechanisms do? |
|
Definition
| Disrupt homeostasis --> less common in nature |
|
|
Term
| What do positive feedback mechanisms do to changed made by the initial stimulus? |
|
Definition
| they amplify changes, which causes the vital parameter to deviate further away from the homeostatic set point. |
|
|
Term
| How can effectiveness of negative feedback loops be increased by positive feedback? |
|
Definition
| The positive feedback mechanisms can amplify the actions of a negative feedback response |
|
|
Term
| What is blood clotting an example of? |
|
Definition
| the completion of a negative feedback loop that restores homeostasis (look at explanation on pg 2 of module) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Components of Feedback loops |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nonpolar molecules and the plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is plasma membrane used to describe? |
|
Definition
| the membrane that is surrounding the cells that separates the intracellular from extracellular compartments |
|
|
Term
| What is the point of having a barrier surrounding the cell? |
|
Definition
| The cytoplasm's compositional uniqueness would be lost by diffusion |
|
|
Term
| the plasma membrane is impermeable to |
|
Definition
| proteins, nucleic acids, and other structures needed for the function of the cell |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of carrier-mediated transport? |
|
Definition
| facilitated diffusion (channel/carrier-mediated) and active transport (primary/secondary) |
|
|
Term
| What are non-carrier mediated transport? |
|
Definition
| simple diffusion, osmosis |
|
|
Term
| Examples of passive transport |
|
Definition
| simple diffusion, carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion |
|
|
Term
| examples of active transport |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the solution consist of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The effect of these factors collectively make up Fick's law of diffusion: |
|
Definition
1) the magnitude of the concentration gradient
2) the surface of the membrane across which diffusion takes place
3) the lipid solubility of the substance
4) the molecular weight of a substance being inversely proportional to its rate of diffusion
5) The distance through which diffusion must take place is inversely proportional to the rate of diffusion |
|
|
