Term
|
Definition
act as phagocytes
(ingest and destroy foreign matter) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| myelinate (insulate) the neurons |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| control the chemical environment around neurons, facilitate capillary-nerve exchanges |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| circulate cerebrospinal fluid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| myelinate (insulate) the extensions of the neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| surround cell body of the neuron |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intermediate filaments in the neuron Function: provide tensile strength |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
specialized endoplasmic reticulum
Function: protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
receive signals to the cell body
(may be many) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
generate and transmit ACTION potential
(only one axon per neuron, but may have several branches) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| junction between the cell body and then axon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ends of axon, where neurotransmitters are stored |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| whitish fatty proteins covering some axons called myelinated axons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability to respond to stimuli and convert them into nerve impulses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability to transmit the impulse to other neurons, muscles or glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| whitish fatty proteins covering some axons called myelinated axons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Axons are myelinated this in PNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| axons are myelinated this CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| concentric rings of the plasma membrane of the Schwann cell wrapped around an axon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of the Schwann cell external to the myelin sheath, housing the nucleus and cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gaps in the myelin sheath |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A single process extending from the cell body – divided into peripheral and central processes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Two processes attached to the cell body – one dendrite, one axon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Many processes issue from the cell body – many dendrites, one axon |
|
|
Term
| Sensory (afferent) Neurons |
|
Definition
| Carry impulses from sensory receptors in skin, internal organs, muscles and special sense organs toward the CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Carry impulses AWAY from CNS to organs, muscles and glands |
|
|
Term
| Association Neurons (Interneurons) |
|
Definition
| Conduct impulses within the CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a bundle of axons in the PNS wrapped in connective tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a bundle of axons in the CNS wrapped in connective tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contain both sensory/afferent and motor/efferent processes(all spinal nerves) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contain only sensory processes(some cranial nerves) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contain only motor processes(ventral nerves of the spinal cord) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Brainstem
Cerebellum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Separates the two hemispheres of the cerebrum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Medially holds the two hemispheres of the cerebrum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Separates the lateral ventricles of the cerebrum |
|
|
Term
| 5 lobes of each cerebral hemisphere |
|
Definition
* Frontal lobe
* Temporal lobe
* Parietal lobe
* Occipital lobe
* Insula |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The gyrus in the frontal lobe located immediately in front of the central sulcus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the gyrus in the parietal lobe immediately behind the central sulcus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| separates the temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal lobes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe |
|
|
Term
| 3 regions in each Cerebral hemisphere |
|
Definition
Cerebral cortex
White matter
Basal nuclei |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Surface marking: elevated ridge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Surface marking: “valley” between gyrus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Surface marking: deeper sulcus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| relay center for all sensory info (except smell) to cerebral cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| regulation of visceral activities and body functions, emotion and instincts, secretes hormones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains the pineal gland which secretes the hormone melatonin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pair of superior colliculi (visual reflex) & pair of inferior colliculi (auditory reflex) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tracts in midbrain, connects pons to cerebrum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pathway for cerebral spinal fluid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
contains fiber tracts
connecting the cerebrum to the
cerebellum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
regulates
autonomic functions (heart rate,
blood pressure, breathing) and
it blends in with the spinal cord
at the level of the foramen
magnum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fissure that separates the two hemispheres of the cerebellum |
|
|
Term
| 2 parts of the cerebellum |
|
Definition
1. Thin superficial layer of gray matter
2. Deep layer of white matter, called Arbor Vitae |
|
|
Term
| Primary function of the cerebellum |
|
Definition
| coordinates skeletal muscle contractions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bony helmet composed of the 8 cranial bones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 3 connective membranes surrounding the brain |
|
|
Term
| outermost meninx (dura mater) |
|
Definition
| double-layered – outer periosteal layer lining the internal surface of the cranium and the inner meningeal layer separated from the underlying arachnoid mater by the SUDURAL space |
|
|
Term
| middle meninx (Arachnoid Mater) |
|
Definition
| separated from the underlying pia mater by the SUBARACHNOID space. Weblike extensions from the archnoid mater to the subarachnoid space gives this meninx its name ( Arachnida = spider family) |
|
|
Term
| innermost meninx (Pia Mater) |
|
Definition
| clings to the surface of the brain |
|
|
Term
| Cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF) |
|
Definition
| filtered from blood; located in the ventricles and also in the subarachnoid space hence, CSF is found inside and outside of the brain acting as a “liquid” cushion; provides buoyancy to the brain; provides nutrients; removes metabolic wastes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a selective barrier that prevents harmful substance in blood from crossing to the brain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| area between the arachnoid mater and pia mater, filled with cerebrospinal fluid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small collections of capillaries in ventricles |
|
|
Term
| 2 layers of the dura mater |
|
Definition
Periosteal layer: outer layer, attached to inner surface of cranium
Meningeal layer: inner layer, projects into fissures, continuous with dura mater of spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Medial & Lateral commisurers (canthi) |
|
Definition
| medial & lateral junctions of eyelids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fleshy elevation at the medial commissure function: secretes oily white solution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mucus membrane, underneath eyelids and covering eyeball, function: lubrication of eyeball |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sweat glands between eyelashes
function: lubrication of eyeball |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produces lacrimal fluid (tears), containing salt & lysosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lacrimal gland, through the lacrimal punctum, into the lacrimal canaliculi (canals) and then the nasolacrimal duct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Fibrous (outer)
2. Vascular(Uvea)
3. Sensory layer (Retina) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| opaque region occupying the posterior 5/6 of the fibrous layer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the anterior transparent region, modified to let in light (anterior-most portion) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
highly vascularized posterior region of the uvea,
contains melanin which prevents scattering of light |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Zonules (suspensor ligaments) |
|
Definition
| Extended from the ciliary muscles, hold the lens in an upright position |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contain capillaries from which aqueous humor is filtered |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| colored part of the eye, circularly and radially arranged smooth muscles, regulate the diameter of the pupil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
transparent inner layer
Contains photoreceptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| site of neural layer where cones are highly concentrated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blind spot, lacks photoreceptors |
|
|
Term
| 3 types of cells contained in sensory layer (retina) |
|
Definition
1. Photoreceptors
2. Biopolar cells
3. Ganglion cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Anterior segment - between cornea and lens
2. Posterior segment - everything posterior to lens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| watery fluid formed and drained throughout life, inside of the anterior segment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| jelly-like fluid formed during embryonic development and last life time, inside of the posterior segment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Outer
2. Middle
3. Inner |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| composed of elastic cartilage, located in the outer ear |
|
|
Term
| external auditory canal (external auditory meatus) |
|
Definition
| located in the outer ear, lined with skin containing ceruminous glands that secrete cerumen (earwax) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| malleus, incus, stapes connected by synovial joints, located in the middle ear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| connects the middle ear and the throats, located in the middle ear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| separated the outer ear from the middle ear, located in the middle ear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Bony labyrinth
2. Membranous labyrinth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| snail shaped membranous labyrinth inside the cochlea; filled with endolymph (fluid) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
organ of hearing, located inside the cochlear duct between 2 membranes:
- Basilar membrane
- Tectorial membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Equilibrium receptors for rotation at the end of each semicircular canal in the ampulla |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| moved when the head moves by the flow of endolympth, when moved nerve fibers are stimulated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bipolar neurons with radiating olfactory cilia called olfactory hairs |
|
|
Term
| Supporting olfactor cells |
|
Definition
| surround and cushion olfactory receptor cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lie at the base of the epithelium and they divide to replace olfactory receptor cells |
|
|
Term
| Basal cells (in taste buds) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gustatory cells (in taste buds) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Sweet
2. Sour
3. Salt
4. Bitter
5. Umami |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – the study of the biological effects of hormones released by ENDOCRINE GLANDS and the diseases caused by their dysfunction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ductless glands that release hormones directly into the extracellular fluid (interstitial fluid and blood) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Homeostatic imbalances, which cause hormone release |
|
|
Term
| Negative Feedback Mechanism |
|
Definition
| the biological effects of hormones negate/eliminate the stimuli that caused the release of the hormones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| changes in the levels of chemicals in the body’s humors (bodily fluids) stimulate endocrine glands to release hormones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| activation of the nervous system stimulates endocrine glands to release hormones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| released hormones stimulate endocrine glands to release other hormones |
|
|
Term
| Hormones are named based on these 3 criteria |
|
Definition
1. organ of origin
2. Function
3. Chemical structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormones derived from the amino acid TYROSINE, these are generally polar chemicals |
|
|
Term
| Peptide/protein/glycoproteins hormones |
|
Definition
| hormones composed of a sequence of amino acids: attain structural complexity; protein with carbohydrate moiety attached, these hormones are polar chemicals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hormones derived from cholesterol, they are non polar substances |
|
|
Term
| Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) |
|
Definition
G: anterior pituitary
T: ovaries, testes
A: regulate gamete production and hormonal activities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
G: anterior pituitary
T: ovaries, testes
A: regulate gamete production and hormonal activities |
|
|
Term
| Adrenocorpticotrophic hormone (ACTH) |
|
Definition
G: anterior pituitary
T: adrenal gland
A: Regulates endocrine activity in the cortex portion |
|
|
Term
| Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) |
|
Definition
G: anterior pituitary
T: thyroid gland
A: influences growth and activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
G: anterior pituitary
T: muscle and long bone
A: determines body size |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
G: anterior pituitary
T: breast
A: Stimulates breast development, maintains lactation, possibly stimulates testosterone production in males |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
G: posterior pituitary
T: uterus, breast
A: Simulates uterine contraction during birth and coitus, causes milk ejection |
|
|
Term
| Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
|
Definition
G: posterior pituitary
T: kidneys
A: Stimulates tubule cells to resorb water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
G: thyroid
T: every cell
A: Controls the metabolism rate, cellular oxidation
Hypersecretion: Graves disease
Hyposecretion: Goiters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
G: thyroid
T: blood and bones
A: decreases blood calcium levels by stimulating calcium salt deposit in bones |
|
|
Term
| Parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
|
Definition
G: parathyroid
T: blood, kidneys
A: Regulator of calcium balance (blood)
Activates vitamin D (kidneys) |
|
|
Term
| Mineralocorticoid (mainly aldosterone) |
|
Definition
G: adrenal gland
T: kidneys
A: regulate water and electrolyte balance in the extracellular fluids by regulating sodium ion reabsorption by tubules |
|
|
Term
| Glucocorticoid (mainly cortisol) |
|
Definition
G: adrenal gland
T: body cells
A: Help body resist long term stressors by increasing blood glucose levels
Hypersecretion: Cushing’s syndrome |
|
|
Term
Gonadal Steroids
Androgens (male)
Estrogen (female) |
|
Definition
G: adrenal gland
T: female reproductive system
A: Contributes to female reproductive development, estrogen source after menopause |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
G: pancreas
T: body cells
A: Decreases blood sugar levels
Hyposecretion: diabetes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
G: pancreas
T: liver
A: Increases blood sugar levels, antagonist to insulin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
