Term
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Definition
Collection of glands that produce hormonest hat are secreted to distant target organs in order to maintain the body’s homeostasis
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Term
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Definition
the body’s chemical messengers that transfer information and instructions from one set of cells to another
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Term
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Definition
system in which variables are regulated so that internal conditions remain stable and relatively constant
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Term
| What do Hormones bind to, to maintain homeostasis and regulate their activity? |
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Definition
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Term
| Differences in Endocrine Vs. Nervous System |
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Definition
Endocrine: Slow, long Lasting, Hormone Signaling
Nervous System: Immediate effects, short lasting, electrical signaling |
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Term
| Thyroid Glands Stimulate: |
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Definition
- Thyroxine (T4) or tetraiodothyronine
- Triiodothyronine (T3)
- Calcitonin
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Term
| Parathyroid Glands Stimulate: |
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Definition
| Parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The Adrenal Cortex Stimulates? |
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Definition
Aldosterone
Cortisol
Androgens |
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Term
| Adrenal medulla stimulates? |
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Definition
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine (NE) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Where is insulin produced? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the overall effect of Insulin? |
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Definition
| to decrease blood glucose |
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Term
| Causes of Type II Diabetes |
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Definition
- Insuficiant amount of insulin produced
- Insulin resistance (defect in signaling cascade)
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Term
| Risks of Type II diabetes |
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Definition
- weight
- lack of exercise
- age, race, genetics
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Term
| Function of the digestive system |
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Definition
- Moves food through alimentary canal where organs can break down food into nutrients that can be absorbed by blood
- Ingestion, secretion, mixing/propulsion, digestion,absorption, defecation
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Term
| Components of the digestive system |
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Definition
GI tract
accessory organs |
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Term
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Definition
- Mechanical breaking down of food into smaller pieces
- small pieces to move through system and also increases surface area
- teeth, tounge, esophagus, stomach
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Term
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Definition
- The enzymatic breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones
- stomach, small intestine, large intestine, saliva, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the layers of the GI tract from the esophagus to large intestine? |
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Definition
Mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa |
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Term
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Definition
Epithelium, lamina propia, muscularis mucosa (smooth muscle) |
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Term
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Definition
Provides nutrients, O2, carries away wastes
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Term
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Definition
Usually 2 layers, inner circular, outer longitudinal
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Term
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Definition
Visceral Layer
Replaced by adventitia in the esophagus |
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Term
| The teeth serve what purpose? |
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Definition
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Term
| The tongue serves what purpose? |
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Definition
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Term
| Tongue and soft palate both serve what purpose? |
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Definition
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Term
| Oroparynx recieves food from where? |
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Definition
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Term
| where does gravity/swallowing move food? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is the epiglottis closed or open during swallowing so that food can be moved from laryngopharynx into the esophagus? |
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Definition
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Term
| Upper esophageal sphincter |
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Definition
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Term
| Lower esophageal sphincter |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-
controls passage of food from stomach to small intestine
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Secretes hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor |
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Term
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Definition
| secretes pepsinogin and gastric lipase |
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Term
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Definition
| secretes the hormone gastrin |
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Term
| Pancreatic and Intestial enzymes digest what? |
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Definition
larger food molecules of CHOs, proteins, and lipids into smaller absorbable molecules
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Term
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Definition
controls movement of food from ileum into large intestine
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Term
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Definition
- also called the colon
- main job is to absorb water, thus concentrating feces, and secrete waste
- bacteria complete the digestion
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-
Covers organs within the abdominopelvic cavity
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Term
| what key part to the peritoneum is found in other serous membranes and secure organs together and to the abdominal walls? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
located in mouth and tongue.
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| mechanically break down food |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
The process of breaking fats into smaller pieces
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What gland influences metabolism, growth and development, and body temperature? |
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Definition
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Term
| What gland is primarily involved in brain development in children? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the main thyroid hormones? |
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Definition
T3 (Stronger)
T4 (more common) |
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Term
| What controls the Thymus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is released when thyroid levels decrease? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the main function of enzyme? |
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Definition
| to speed up chemical reactions |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Enzymes require what to optimally function? |
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Definition
| a certain pH and temperature |
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Term
| What pH does the mouth have? |
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Definition
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Term
| What pH does the small intestine have? |
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Definition
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Term
| What pH does the stomach have? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Salivary glands
stomach
pancreas
small intestine |
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Term
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Definition
mouth
stomach
small intestine |
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Term
| What is the Substrate for Salivary amylase |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the substrate for Pancreatic amylase? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the substrate alpha-dextrinase? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the substrate for sucrase? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the substrate for lactase? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is the substrate Maltase? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the substrate for Pepsin |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is the substrate for Trypsin/Chymotrypsin? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is the substrate for aminopeptidase? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the substrate for dipeptidase? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the substrate for Lingual Lipase |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the substrate for Gastric Lipase? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the substrate for Pancreatic Lipase |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the product of Salivary amylase? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the product of pancreatic amylase? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the product of alpha-dextrinase? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the product of sucrase? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the product of lactase? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the product of maltase? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the location of reaction of salivary amylase? |
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Definition
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Term
| where is the location of reaction of pancreatic amylase? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the location of reaction for alpha-dextrinase? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the location of reaction for sucrase? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the location of reaction for Lactase? |
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Definition
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Term
| where is the location of reaction for Maltase? |
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Definition
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Term
| Location of reaction for pepsin |
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Definition
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Term
| location of reaction for Trypsin/chymotrypsin |
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Definition
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Term
| location of reaction for Aminopeptidase |
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Definition
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Term
| Location of reaction for dipeptidase |
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Definition
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Term
| Site of secreation for salivary amylase? |
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Definition
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Term
| Site of secreation for pancreatic amylase |
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Definition
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Term
| site of secreation for alpha-dextrinase |
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Definition
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Term
| site of secreation for sucrase |
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Definition
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Term
| site of secreation for lactase |
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Definition
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Term
| site of secreation for maltase |
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Definition
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Term
| Product of lingual lipase |
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Definition
| free fatty acids and glycerol |
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Term
| product of gastric lipase |
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Definition
| free fatty acids and glycerol |
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Term
| product of pancreatic lipase |
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Definition
| free fatty acids and glycerol |
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Term
| location of reaction for lingual lipase |
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Definition
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Term
| location of reaction for gastric lipase |
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Definition
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Term
| location of reaction for pancreatic lipase |
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Definition
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Term
| Site of secreation for pepsin |
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Definition
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Term
| site of secreation for trypsin/chymotrypsin |
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Definition
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Term
| List 5 major endocrine glands |
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Definition
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Pineal Gland
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Hypothalamus
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Pituitary gland
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Thyroid Gland
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Parathyroid Gland
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Thymus
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Adrenal Glands
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Ovaries
-
Testes
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Term
| List two differences between the endocrine and nervous systems |
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Definition
Endocrine: Slow, long lasting, hormone signaling
Nervous: Immediate effects, short lasting, electrical signaling |
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Term
| what structure connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland? |
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Definition
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Term
| What 3 things does the Adrenal cortex stimulte? |
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Definition
Aldosterone
Cortisol
Androgens |
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Term
| What is the function of calcitonin from the thyroid gland? |
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Definition
| Calcitonin lowers serum calcium levels by inhibition of bone reabsorbing osteoclasts |
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Term
| Where is the function of oxytocin and where is it secreated from? |
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Definition
Posterior Pituitarty gland
Stimulates uterine contraction and breast contraction for milk release |
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Term
| What horomone is responsible for basal metabolic rate and where is it secreated? |
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Definition
Throxin
Secreated from thyroid gland |
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Term
| If you were to eat four sugar doughnuts and a large pepsi, which hormone would you expect to be secreated at higher levels? |
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Definition
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Term
| This controls how quickly the doby uses energy, makes proteins, and controls how sensitive the body should be to other hormomes |
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Definition
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Term
| What would be the result of a thyroidectomy? |
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Definition
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Term
| The __________ are chisel-like cutting teeth used to bite off a piece of food |
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Definition
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Term
What is the name of the membrane that extends from the stomach to the liver, covers the small intestine like an apron, and is an excellent storage site for fat?
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Definition
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Term
The wavelike muscular contractions of the alimentary canal or other tubular structures by which contents are forced onward is called _______.
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Definition
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Term
| List the tissue layers in the esophagus |
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Definition
mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
adventitia (serosa when not in the esophagus) |
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Term
| What is the function of rugae in the stomach? |
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Definition
The function of the rugae is to allow the stomach and other %ssue to expand as needed to assist in the digestion of food.
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Term
| List the principle sites of enzyme secreation and enzyme action |
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Definition
|
Salivary Glands
Stomach
Pancreas
Small Intestine
Mouth
Stomach
Small intestine |
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Term
| Where are Bile salts made? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do Bile Salts work? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the substrate for Bile salts? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the products of Bile salts? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the substrate for Amylase? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the products of Amylase? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Where does proetease work? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the substrate for protease? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the products of protease |
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Definition
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Term
Pretend you just ate a cookie, make a flow chart of all the structures the cookie passes through. Include sphincters and regions of each organ
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Definition
Mouth àOropharynx àLaryngopharynx àUpper Esophageal SphincteràEsophagusàLower Esophageal SphincteràStomach (CardiaàFundus àBodyàPyloris)àPyloric SphincteràSmall Intestine (DuodenumJejumumàIleum)àIleocecal SphincteràLarge Intestine (CecumàAscending ColonàTransverse ColonàDescending ColonàSigmoid Colon)àRectumàAnal CanalàInternal and External Anal SphincteràAnus
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Term
What type of tissue is found in the esophagus?
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Definition
| Stratified squamous epithelium |
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Term
The small intestine is the only structure to have TWO distinguishing characteristics (versus the stomach and large intestine). What are they?
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Definition
Only the small intestine has both villi and crypts. Stomach and large intestine only have crypts.
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Term
| What hormones are secreteded by the Anterior pituitary gland? |
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Definition
- HGH -Human gorwth hormone
- TSH- thyroid-stimulating hormone
- FSH- follicle-stimulating hormone
- LH- Luteinizing hormone
- Prolactin
- ACH - adrenocorticotropic hormone
- MSH- melanocyte stimulting horomne
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Term
| what hormones are secreated by the posterior pituitary gland? |
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Definition
- ADH -Anti-diuretic hormonne
- oxytocin
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Term
| What hormones are secreated by the thyroid gland? |
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Definition
- Thyroxine
- Triiodothyronine
- calcitonin
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Term
| What hormone is secreated by the parathyroid glands? |
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Definition
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Term
| What hormones are secreated by the adrenal cortex? |
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Definition
- Aldosterone
- cortisol
- androgens
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Term
| what hormones are secreated by the adrenal medulla? |
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Definition
- epinephrine
- noepinephrine
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Term
| What hormones are secreated by the pancreas? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what hormones are secreated by the ovaries? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what hormones are secreated by the testes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What hormones are secreated by the pineal gland? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what hormones are secreated by the thymus? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| location of the Target cells for the human growth hormone? |
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Definition
| Cartiage, bone, skeletal muscle, liver, and other body tissues |
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Term
| location of the Target cells for Thyroid stimulating hormone |
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Definition
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Term
| location of target cells for the follicle stimulating hormone |
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Definition
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Term
| location of target cells for the luteinizing hormone |
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Definition
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Term
| location of target cells for prolactin |
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Definition
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Term
| location of target cells for the adrenocorticotropic hormone |
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Definition
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Term
| location of target cells for the melanocyte stimulating hormone |
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Definition
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Term
| location of target cells for the Anti-diuretic hormone |
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Definition
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Term
| Location of target cells for the oxytocin hormone |
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Definition
| Uterus and mammary glands |
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Term
| Location of target cells for Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| location of target cells for calcitonin? |
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Definition
| osteoclast cells in bones |
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Term
| location of target cells for the parathyroid hormone? |
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Definition
| osteoclast cells in bones |
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Term
| location of target cells for aldosterone |
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Definition
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Term
| Location of target cells for cortisol |
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Definition
| Liver, muscle, and cells involved in body defense |
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Term
| Location of target cells for androgens |
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Definition
| uterus, mammary glands, and other body cells involved in secondary sex characteristic? |
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Term
| Location of target cells for epinephrine and norepinephrine? |
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Definition
| Body cells involved in fight-or-flight response |
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Term
| loaction of target cells for insulin |
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Definition
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Term
| Location of target cells for estrogen and progestrone |
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Definition
| Uterus, mammary glands, and other body cells involved in female sexual characterisitcs |
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Term
| location of target cells for meletonin |
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Definition
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Term
| location of target cells for thymosin |
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Definition
| T cells (type of white blood cell involved in immunse response) |
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Term
| Function of Epinephrine and Norepinephrine |
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Definition
| Promotes fight or flight response |
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Term
|
Definition
| Decreases blood glucose levels by transporting glucose into body cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| increases blood glucose levels by stimulating liver to break down glycogen into glucose |
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Term
| What do estrogen and progestrone stimulate? |
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Definition
| stimulates developemnt of female sex characteristics; helps regulate mestrual cycle |
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Term
| what does testosterone stimulate? |
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Definition
| Stimulates development of male sex characteristics; stimulates male sex drive; regulates sperm production |
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Term
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Definition
| Helps to set biological clock |
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Term
|
Definition
| Promotes maturation of t cells for the immune response |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulates secreation of hormones that stimulate body growth and metabolism |
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Term
|
Definition
| Stimulates growth of thyroid gland and secreation of its hormones |
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Term
|
Definition
| Stimulaties sperm production. Stimulates oocyte production and estrogen secreation |
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Term
|
Definition
| Stimulates secreation of testosterone. triggers ovulation and stimulates secreation of estrogen and progestrone |
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Term
| What does prolactin stimulate? |
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Definition
| Stimulates production and secreation of milk |
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Term
| What does the adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulate? |
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Definition
| Stimulates secreation of hormones by adrenal cortex |
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Term
| The melanocyte-stimulating hormone stimulates |
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Definition
| Darkining of the skin pigmnents |
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Term
|
Definition
| Decreases water lost in urine by returning water to the blood |
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Term
|
Definition
| Stimulates uterine contractions and milk ejection during suckling |
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Term
| Function of thyroxine and triiodothyonine |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Decreaes blood calcium levels by inhibitting osteoclasts |
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Term
| function of parathyroid hormone |
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Definition
| increase blood calcium levels by stimuating osteoclasts to break down bone matrix |
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Term
|
Definition
| decreases sodium and water loss in urine by returning sodium and water to the blood |
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Term
|
Definition
| increases resistance to stress, increases blood glucose levels and decreaes inflamation |
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Term
|
Definition
| insignificant in males, increases sex drive in females. |
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