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Definition
| the orderly process of posing and answering questions about the natural world through repeated and unbiased experiments and observations, is a process |
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Definition
organized sequence of steps, include:
1) make insightful observations
2) pose & clarify testable questions
3) formulate hypothesis
4) do experiments to gather data
5) quantify the data
6) test the hypotheses
7) answer the questions and make conclusions
8) communicate findings |
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| a statement that clearly states the relationship between biological variables |
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| a hypothesis that states that there is no difference, usually the most common way to state a clear/testable hypothesis |
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| a hypothesis that states the difference between two things |
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Definition
something that researchers administer to the experimental units
i.e. glucose or protein given to yeast |
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Definition
| repeated measures of each treatment under the same conditions |
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| standards for comparison, lacks the treatment variable |
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| (know symbol) single number that represents the central tendency of the response variable, average |
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| a measure of variation between each set of replicates, equals the range between the highest and lowest values |
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| (SD), measure of variation, how far values are from the mean |
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Definition
| differences between means must be due to the treatment and not just due to natural variation |
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Definition
| a coordinated system of lenses arranged to produce an enlarged, focusable image of a specimen, can improve resolution as much as 1000-fold |
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Definition
| the ability to distinguish two points as separate points |
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| the amount of difference between the lightest and darkest parts of an image |
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Definition
| located immediately below the specimen, focuses light from the light source onto the specimen |
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Definition
| a knurled ring or lever than can be opened and closed to regulate the amount of light reaching the specimen |
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Definition
| three or four lenses mounted on a revolving nosepiece, 4X 10X 40X and 400X |
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Definition
| the lens you look through, usually magnifies the object 10 times |
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Definition
| microscopes with only one ocular |
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Definition
| microscopes with two oculars |
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Definition
| metal casing through which light passes to the oculars |
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Definition
| secures the glass slide on which the specimen is mounted |
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Definition
| small glass disk with thin lines numbered and etched in a row |
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Definition
| glass slide having precisely spaces lines etched at known intervals |
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Definition
| thickness of the object in sharp focus, varies w/difference objectives and magnifications |
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Definition
| distance between the objective lens and the specimen |
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Term
| dissecting (stereoscopic) microscope |
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Definition
| provides much larger working distance than compound microscope so specimens can be manipulated while observing, light source comes from above the specimen rather than below, always binocular, lower resolution & magnification |
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Definition
| study of cellular structure and function |
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Definition
| bacteria & cyanobacteria, do not contain a membrane-bound nucleus or organelles |
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| prokaryotic cell structure |
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Definition
| organelles (ribosomes, mesosomes-internal extensions of plasma membrane, & chromatin bodies-concentrations of DNA) suspended in cytoplasm, cytoplasm enclosed in plasma membrane, plasma membrane surrounded by cell wall, cell wall covered by a capsule, capsule has flagella (for movement) and pili (to attach bacteria to things or exchange genetic material) |
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Term
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Definition
largest prokaryotes, also called blue-green algae, contain photosynthetic pigments in thylakoids,
surrounded by mucilaginous sheath, primary contributers to early oxygenation of ancient earth
Ex. Oscillatoria, Gloeocapsa, |
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Term
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Definition
prokaryotic, smaller than cyanobacteria, no chlorophyll,
Ex. Lactobacillus |
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Definition
| contain membrane-bound nuclei and organelles, organelles are in cytoplasm, cytoplasm surrounded by plasma membrane, |
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Definition
| all the material and organelles contained by the plasma membrane |
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Term
| cytoplasmic streaming (cyclosis) |
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Definition
| movement of the chloroplasts by the activity of the cytoplasm |
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Definition
| primary cell wall (deposited during growth of the cell), middle lamella (substance holding walls of two adjacent cells together), plasmodesmata (cytoplasmic strands that penetrate cell walls and connect the protoplasm of adjacent cells) |
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Definition
| organelles, double membraned, inner membrane folds to form cristae, some DNA occurs here |
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Definition
| organelles where food is made and stored |
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Definition
| plastids that store starch, are able to be stained with iodine |
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Definition
large group of eukaryotic organisms that includes algae and sporozoans, single celled
Ex. Paramecium, Amoeba |
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Definition
| irregularly shaped protist, moves via amoeboid movement |
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Definition
pseudopodia-temporary protrusions of the cell that allow for movement of the amoeba and also engulf food particles and digest them
contractile vacuole-accumulates and expels water and waste products |
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Definition
| single-celled protist, (know structure pg. 43) |
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Definition
| random motion of molecules in biological systems caused by heat, |
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Definition
| passive, directional movement of molecules across a gradient, affected by temperature, concentration, and pressure |
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Definition
| a membrane that prevents the movements of some molecules but not others |
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Definition
| have positively charged areas and negatively charged areas |
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Definition
| have no local areas of positive or negative charge |
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Definition
| the separation of dissolved substances by means of their unequal diffusion through a differentially permeable membrane |
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Definition
| a pH indicatory that turns red in basic solutions |
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Definition
| a starch indicator that changes from yellow to dark blue in the presence of starch |
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Definition
| diffusion of water across a differentially permeable membrane |
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Definition
| a homogenous, liquid mixture of two or more kinds of molecules |
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Definition
| a fluid that dissolves substances |
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Definition
| a substance dissolved in a solution |
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Definition
| a solution with a lower concentration of solutes |
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Definition
| a solution with a high concentration of solutes |
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Definition
| two solutions that have equal concentrations of solute |
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Definition
| the variable being measured, always plotted on the y (or vertical) axis |
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Definition
| the variable that you control/change, always plotted on the x (or horizontal) axis |
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Definition
| the combined effects of concentration and pressure such as that from cell walls, water will flow from area of high water potential to area of low water potential |
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Definition
| the destruction of a cell by the influx of water (causing the cell to burst) |
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Definition
| the destruction of a red blood cell by lysis |
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Definition
| shrinking of the cytoplasm of a plant cell in response to diffusion of water out of the cell and into a hypertonic solution, cellular membrane pulls away from the cell wall |
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Definition
| "water loving", the phosphate group and glycerol of a phospholipid |
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Definition
| "water fearing", the fatty acids of phospholipids |
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Term
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Definition
molecules with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions
Ex. phospholipid bilayer |
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Definition
| model stating that the phospholipid bilayer is like a mosaic because of the different proteins dispersed unevenly throughout and they have a fluid characteristic because they do not stay in position but move around within the layer |
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Definition
| a reddish pigment found in beets that is localized almost entirely in the large central vacuole of its cells |
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Definition
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| effects of temperature on membranes |
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Definition
high temps-violent molecular collisions destroy membrane as barrier to diffusion
low temps-ruptures membranes |
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| effects of organic solvent stress on membranes |
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Definition
dissolve a membrane's lipids
Ex. acetone, methanol |
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Definition
| proteins that control reactions in cells by acting as biocatalysts and accelerating metabolic reactions to biologically useful rates by lowering activation energy |
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Definition
| reacting molecules that enzymes bind to to form an enzyme-substrate complex |
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Definition
| formed when the enzyme-substrate complex stresses or distorts chemical bonds and causes the substrate to become more reactive and the metabolic reaction to accelerate |
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Definition
| the energy needed to form the transition state, lowered by an enzyme |
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Definition
| the site of attachment and the surrounding parts of the enzyme that stress the substrate's bonds |
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Definition
| the destruction of an enzyme's effectiveness by altering the active site and slowing down the reaction rate due to a structural change in the enzyme |
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Definition
| the range of values for environmental factors such as temp and pH at which an enzyme functions best |
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| effect of temp on reactions/enzymes |
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Definition
| for every 10 degrees temp rises reaction doubles, extreme temp denatures enzymes |
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Definition
| a plant enzyme that can be used to investigate the effects of temperature on enzyme activity |
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Definition
| extreme pH denatures enzymes, optimal pH=7, exceptions are pepsin & trypsin |
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Definition
| an enzyme in plants and animals that speeds up the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide and can be used to investigate the effects of pH on enzymes |
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Definition
| an enzyme in plants (such as turnips) and some bacteria that converts toxic hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen |
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Definition
| inhibitions that occur from molecules that are structurally similar to a substrate and compete for a position at the active site of an enzyme, making the enzyme unable to bind with the substrate |
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Definition
| a compound that keeps pH from changing |
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Definition
| a way cells harvest energy from food, a catabolic pathway for the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), includes glycolysis, formation of acetyl CoA, citric acid cycle, and ETC/chemiosmosis |
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Definition
| the first stage of cellular respiration, glucose is oxidized to pyruvate via a set of chemical reactions |
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Definition
| also known as tricarboxylic acid cycle or Krebs cycle, pyruvate is oxidized to carbon dioxide via chemical reactions |
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Definition
| organisms that use oxygen for respiration beyond glycolysis |
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Definition
| generates proton gradients from energy stored in reduced NAD and related compounds to form large amounts of ATP, oxygen is the final electron acceptor |
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Definition
| a process used by anaerobes in which pyruvate from glycolysis is reduced to either carbon dioxide and ethanol or lactic acid |
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Definition
| a product of glycolysis; pyruvate is reduced to ethanol or lactic acid during anaerobic fermentation |
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Definition
| provides Mg2+, a cofactor that activates some enzymes of glycolysis |
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Definition
| an inhibitor of some enzymes of glycolysis |
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Definition
| a common organic molecule used as an energy source for respiration |
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Definition
| a measure of the acidic or basic properties of a solution |
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Definition
| a complex chemical process that converts radiant energy (light) to chemical energy (sugar), 2 stages-light reactions and dark reactions (Calvin cycle) |
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Definition
| a substance that absorbs light |
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| primary photosynthetic pigments |
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Definition
| chlorophyll a, b, and accessory pigments (carotenes and xanthophylls) |
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Definition
| a technique for separating dissolved compounds such as chlorophyll, carotene, and xanthophyll |
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Definition
| relationship of the distance moved by a pigment to the distance moved by the solvent front |
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Definition
| an instrument that separates white light into its component colors |
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Definition
| the release of light energy as an excited electron falls back into its original orbital and emits a photon of red light |
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Definition
| a pH indicator that turns yellow in an acidic solution and becomes red in a neutral to basic solution |
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Definition
| photosynthetic membranes located within a chloroplast organelle |
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Definition
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Definition
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| a semiliquid inside the chloroplast that contains the enzymes that catalyze the light independent reactions of photosynthesis |
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Definition
| repeating set of events in which cells grow, have specific functions, and replicate |
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Definition
| replication and division of the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell in preparation for cytokinesis |
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Definition
| the division of the cell and cytoplasm into halves that each contain a nucleus |
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Definition
| part of the cell cycle that does not include mitosis, includes cytokinesis, gap 1, synthesis, and gap 2 phases |
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Definition
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Definition
| the structure on a chromosome that attaches the sister chromatids |
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Definition
| two microtubule organizing centers that contain cylinders of microtubules called centrioles |
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Definition
| the axis of proteinaceous microtubles between the pairs of centrioles |
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Definition
| the bridge of microtubules that extends between centrioles that are at opposite ends of the cell |
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Definition
| fibers that attach to each chromosome's kinetochore |
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Definition
| a complex of proteins that binds to the centromere of a chromosome |
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Definition
| the arrangement of microtubules radiating from a centriole |
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Definition
| mitotic spindle fibers begin to form, polar and kinetochore fibers comprise the mitotic spindle, chromosomes continue to condense |
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Definition
| the chromosomes align on a plane in the center of the cell |
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Definition
| the sister chromatids seperate |
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Definition
| mitotic apparatus disassembles |
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Definition
| a process in cytokinesis that begins on the periphery of an animal cell, pinches inward, and eventually divides the cytoplasm into 2 cells |
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Definition
| early embryonic stage of a vertebrate, consists of a sphere of 25-100 cells |
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Definition
| localized areas of rapid cell division due to active growth at the root tips |
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Definition
| forms during cytokinesis of plant cells, is a partition perpendicular to the axis of the spindle apparatus |
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Definition
| the two chromosomes of a pair, each homologue has same site (loci) for the same genes, although alleles may be different |
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Definition
| only one chromosome of each homologous pair |
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Definition
| produces haploid daughter nuclei, referred to as "reduction division" |
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Definition
| pairing of homologous chromosomes |
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Definition
| the exchange of genetic material/alleles by homologous chromatids to produce new genetic combinations |
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Definition
| separates homologous chromosomes |
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Definition
| separates chromatids composing each chromosome |
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| reproductive cells with haploid nuclei resulting from meiosis |
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| tightly coiled tubes that make up male testes |
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Definition
| diploid cells packed against the inner walls of seminiferous tubules that are constantly replicating mitotically during the life of males |
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Definition
| daughter cells of spermatogonia that move inward toward the lumen of the tubule and begin meiosis |
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Definition
| two haploid cells, each with double-stranded DNA, formed from meiosis 1 of a primary spermatocyte |
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Definition
| 2 haploid cells produced by the separating of the strands of each chromosome from the secondary spermatocytes through Meiosis 2 |
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| cells of the ovary that produce female gametes |
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| cells that are produced by the mitosis of oogonia |
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Definition
| the release of the oocyte from the ovary |
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Definition
| cells that surround and support primary oocytes |
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| produced by meiosis 1 of a primary oocyte |
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| formed by the follicle cells that remain after ovulation, produces hormones that prepare the uterus for potential arrival of a fertilized egg |
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