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| Abnormal hematocrit can indicate _______ |
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Definition
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Definition
| The percentage of the total blood volume that is composed of RBC's |
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| Normal male hematocrit levels |
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| Normal female hematocrit levels |
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| Are present on surface of a RBC |
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Defend body from foreign invaders
React to antigens |
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Definition
| when antibodies react with antigens, causing the blood the clump |
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Definition
| molecule on a RBC that carries oxygen |
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Definition
A- antigens
Anti-B antibodies |
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Definition
B- antigens
anti-A- antibodies |
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A-antigens and B antigens
No antibodies |
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No antigens
A and B antibodies |
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Basophil
Eosinophil
Neutrophil
(BEN) |
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Definition
| WBC's that have segmented nuclei and many cytoplasmic granules |
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Definition
Large round nuclei that fill the cell
Do not have cytoplasmic granules |
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Definition
| Tissue macrophage (super phagocyte) |
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Definition
Have B and T cells
B-Cells- Produce antibodies
T-Cells- Cell-Mediated Immunity |
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Definition
develops in an unborn infant when the mother and baby have different blood types. The mother's antibodies attack the developing baby's red blood cells.
Either ABO incompatability or Rh incompatability |
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Term
| How much oxygen can a hemoglobin molecule carry? |
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Definition
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Definition
| normal relaxed breathing. |
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| energetic (deep and rapid) respiration that occurs normally after exercise |
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Definition
| Temporary cessation of breathing, esp. during sleep. |
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Definition
| Difficult or labored breathing. |
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Definition
| an increased depth and rate of breathing greater than demanded by the body needs |
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| Breathing at an abnormally slow rate, resulting in an increased amount of carbon dioxide in the blood |
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Definition
the volume of air remaining after complete expiration. The volume prevents alveoli from collapsing and causes surface large surface tension.
(1200mL) |
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Term
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Definition
The volume of air inspired or expired in one normal respiration cycle
(500mL) |
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Term
| Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) |
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Definition
The extra volume of air that can be forcibly expired from the lungs at the end of a normal expiration.
(About 1000 mL) |
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Term
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Definition
the maximum amount of air that can expelled from the lungs following a maximal inspiration
(About 4800mL) |
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Term
| Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) |
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Definition
The expiratory reserve volume plus the residual volume
(2200 mL) |
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Term
| Total Lung Capacity (TLC) |
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Definition
The vital capacity plus the residual volume (VC+RV)
6000mL |
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Term
| Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV1) |
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Definition
The fraction of the vital capacity expired in 1 second. Determines the conditions of the lungs. Normal person should have a percentage of 80%
(FEV1/FVC)*100 |
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Term
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Definition
Blocks the lungs from EXPIRATION (below 50% FEV1)
Asthma & Emphysema |
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Definition
Blocks lungs from INSPIRATION
(FEV1 is <50%)
Fibrosis and pneumonia |
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Definition
Volume of air in the respiration passages which remains unchanged during respiration (air that is in air tubes)
150 mL |
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Term
| Respiration Minute Volume (VT) |
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Definition
The volume of air moved in or out of the respiratory passages per minute which is equal to the product of the tidal volume by the respiratory rate
VT=TV*RR
6000ml/min at rest |
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Term
| Alveolar Ventilation Rate/min |
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Definition
Total volume of "new" air entering the alveoli each minute
4200ml/min at rest
vA=(TV-Vd)RR |
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Term
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Definition
On Medulla
sense changes in the arterial Pco2 by
pH changes in the CSP
Send signals to increase ventilation |
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Term
| Peripheral chemoreceptors |
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Definition
On aortic and carotid bodies
Sense decrease in blood pH
Send signals to increase ventilation |
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Term
| 3 steps in urinary formation |
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Definition
Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion |
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Term
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Definition
| Blood enters nephron, goes into glomerulus and is filtered into protein-free plasma that goes into renal tubule for further processing |
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Term
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Definition
| Filtrate from glomerulus travels down the renal tubule as most fluids, solutes like glucose, salts, and amino acids, and ions from the filtrate are reabsorbed backed into the bloodstream |
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Term
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Definition
| Wastes and other things that need to be eliminated can travel from the blood in the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubule without coming from the glomerulus |
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Term
| Two hormones that regulate absorption of sodium and water at the kidneys to maintain osmolarity |
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Definition
| Aldosterone and Vasopressin (antiduretic hormone) |
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Term
| What are not normal urine components? |
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Definition
| Glucose, protein, and blood |
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Term
| How are urine density, sodium content, and specific gravity all related? |
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Definition
| Specific gravity is directly proportional to urine density, which is determined by the sodium concentration, too much specific gravity, too dense of urine and too much sodium in urine, and vice versa |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Too much protein in urine |
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Term
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Definition
| too acidic of urine (less than 4.5) |
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Definition
| too basic of urine (more than 8.0) |
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| What does it mean if leukocytes are found in urine? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| When the body cannot use glucose as a fuel source because there is no insulin or not enough insulin, so fat is used for fuel instead and releases keytones |
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| Hypertonic solutions' effect on urine |
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Definition
| Kidneys will absorb more salt and absorb less water, making urine more salty |
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| Hypotonic solutions' effect on urine |
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Definition
| Kidneys will absorb more water and less salt, making urine more diluted |
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| Relationship between Glucose concentration and urine output |
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Definition
Too much glucose means hypertonic ECF,
Hypertonic ECF means more glucose absorption, less water absorption, and vice versa |
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| Relationship between alcohol and caffeine consumption and urine output |
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Definition
| Alcohol and caffeine are diuretics, which cause an increase in urine output |
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Definition
| causes an increase in urine output |
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Term
| How and where does digestion of Carbohydrates begin? |
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Definition
| Salivary amylase in mouth, pH of 7 |
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Term
| How and where does digestion of Carbohydrates end? |
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Definition
| Pancreatic amylase in small intestine, pH of 7 |
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Definition
begins digestion of Carbohydrates
located in mouth |
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Definition
ends digestion of Carbohydrates
located in small intestine |
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| Final product of Carbohydrates when digested |
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Definition
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| Caloric output (energy density) of Carbohydrates |
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Definition
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Term
| How and where does digestion of proteins begin? |
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Definition
| Pepsin in stomach, needs a pH of 2 |
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Term
| How and where does digestion of proteins end? |
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Definition
| Tripsin in small intestine, needs pH of 7 |
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| Final product of proteins when digested |
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Definition
| produced into various amino acids |
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| Caloric output (energy density) of proteins |
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Definition
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| How and where does digestion of lipids occur? |
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Definition
| Occurs in small intestine, by lipase, needs a pH of 7 |
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Definition
Digests lipids
Located in small intestine |
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Term
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Definition
Digests proteins
Located in stomach |
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Definition
Digests proteins
Located in small intestine |
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Definition
| produced into triglycerides and fatty acids |
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Term
| Caloric output (energy density) of Lipids |
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Definition
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Term
| Recommended caloric consumption of Carbohydrates |
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Definition
| 50% of total caloric consumption or 150g per day |
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| Recommended caloric consumption of protein |
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Definition
| 11-15% of total caloric consumption or 35g per day |
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| Recommended caloric consumption of Lipids |
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Definition
| 36-39% of total caloric consumption or 100g per day |
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| Hormones used in digestion |
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Definition
Cholecystekinin
Gastrin
Secretin |
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Term
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Definition
Secreted in sm intestine in response to fat in chyme
Decreases stomach motility |
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Term
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Definition
Secreted by stomach in response to an increase in pyloric acid
Triggers hunger signal in hypothalmus |
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Definition
Secreted in small intestine in response to acidic chyme
Decreases stomach motility |
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Term
| How do digestive enzymes work? |
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Definition
catalysts(they speed up chemical reactions)
break up food so that its nutrients can be absorbed by the body and waste products can be eliminated |
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Term
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Definition
| In the small intestine, bile salts help to break dietary fat into smaller particles, a process called emulsification. |
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