Term
| What is the basic (smallest) living unit of the body? |
|
Definition
| The cell is the simplest basic unit of living things |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary function of the mitochondria? |
|
Definition
| It is the powerhouse of the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ability to maintain a constant internal environment during unstressed conditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| physiological variable is not normal, but unchanging. this is after a stressor has happened |
|
|
Term
| what are the general components of a biological system |
|
Definition
sensor - component capable of detecting changes (stimuli) in the environment
control center- assesses/integrates input and initiates response via signal (brain, endocrine)
effector - corrects changes to internal environment |
|
|
Term
| what are the feedback systems of the body? |
|
Definition
a.Negative feedback – change in factor causes reaction to restore previous levels; the primary type of feedback in the body. Ex: external heat increases, and body temp goes up, then levels off, and then response oppose this increase back down to normal level
b.Positive feedback – initiating stimulus causes more of the same |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a.Metabolism – all chemical reactions in the body that result from:
1.Catabolism- breakdown of cell components to release energy
2.Anabolism- build up of cell components |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| metabolic pathways involved in converting food to energy |
|
|
Term
| first law of thermodynamics |
|
Definition
| energy is not created or destroyed but transfers from one form to another |
|
|
Term
| 2nd law of thermodynamics |
|
Definition
| transfer of potential energy always proceeds in direction that decreases the capacity to perform work |
|
|
Term
| what process in creating ATP is anaerobic? |
|
Definition
| phosphocreatine breakdown and glycolysis |
|
|
Term
| what process in creating ATP is aerobic? |
|
Definition
| oxidative phosphorylation |
|
|
Term
| where does glycolysis occur in the cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does aerobic metabolism occur in the cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens at the end of glycolysis if there is oxygen/no oxygen? |
|
Definition
| glucose will be broken down by glycolysis into pyruvate and will either be converted to lactate (if there is no oxygen present) or will travel to the mitochondria and be converted to acetyl CoA if oxygen is present. If it is converted to lactate, there is a net production of ATP of 2 from glucose or 3 from muscle glycogen. If it is converted to acetyl CoA, there will be a net production of 36 ATP from glucose and 37 from muscle glycogen |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 stages of aerobic metabolism? |
|
Definition
1. conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA
2. oxidation of acetyl-CoA by krebs cycle (2 ATP)
3. ATP formation via the ETC (32 ATP) |
|
|
Term
| what are NAD and FAD and why are they important? |
|
Definition
| they are electron carries that help to produce ATP |
|
|
Term
| why is oxygen so important for aerobic metabolism? |
|
Definition
| we breathe in oxygen so we can use it as the final acceptor of electrons in aerobic metabolism |
|
|
Term
| What are the rate limiting enzymes for PCr, glycolysis, and krebs cycle? |
|
Definition
PCr- creatine kinase
Glycolysis - phosphofructokinase
krebs - isocitrate dehyrogenase |
|
|
Term
| what is the oxygen deficit? |
|
Definition
| there is a lag of uptake/consumption of at the very beginning of exercise. this is because initial ATP production is done through anaerobic pathways, so less ATP can be produced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oxygen debt. oxygen uptake (metabolism) remains elevated above rest into recovery |
|
|
Term
| why do trained athletes have a lower oxygen deficit? |
|
Definition
| trained athletes have a greater ability to transport and utilize oxygen, so they reach the steady state faster and begin aerobic metabolism faster, leading to less lactic acid production |
|
|
Term
| what are the factors responsible for EPOC? |
|
Definition
1. rapid portion of oxygen debt - resynthesis of stored phosphocreatine and replenishing muscle and blood oxygen stores
2. slow portion of oxygen debt - elevated ehart rate and breathing (increasing energy need), elevated body temp (increase metabolic rate), and conversion of lactic acid to glucose (gluconeogensis) |
|
|
Term
| potential fates of lactate?? |
|
Definition
1. lacate in muscle reconverted to pyruvate by LDH and oxidized (50-70%)
2. lactate in blood can be removed by skin, muscle, and heart. converted to pyruvate and acetyl CoA and shuttled into mitochondria
3. lactate in blood can go to liver to make glucose (>20%) |
|
|
Term
| is protein a significant source of energy for the body? |
|
Definition
| no. they contribute less than 2% of fuel used during exercise of less than one hour duration |
|
|
Term
| energy system used during high intensity training? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| energy system used during high duration training |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is fat stored as and where is it stored? |
|
Definition
| plasma free fatty acids and stored in adipose tissue |
|
|
Term
| what fuel (carb, fat, protein, etc) is used during intensity training? |
|
Definition
| muscle glycogen (carbohydrate) |
|
|
Term
| what fuel (carb, fat, protein, etc) is used during duration training? |
|
Definition
| plasma free fatty acids (fat) |
|
|
Term
| what is the crossover concept? |
|
Definition
| the shift from fat to CHO metabolism as exercise intensity increases |
|
|
Term
| what does "shift" refer to? |
|
Definition
| during prolonged, low-intensity exercise (>30 min), there is a gradual shift from CHO metabolism toward an increasing reliance on fat |
|
|
Term
| why do endurance athletes consume carbohydrate beverages like gatorade? |
|
Definition
| during long duration exercise, we use fat as a fuel source to keep us going. the only way we can keep using the fats as a fuel source is if we have enough glycogen (carbohydrates) to keep the krebs cycle running and metabolizing fats. |
|
|
Term
| What is RER? and how do we interpret a given value? |
|
Definition
RER = volume of Co2/volume of O2
.7 = 100% fat
.85 = 50% fat, 50% CHO
1 = 100% CHO |
|
|
Term
| what is the importance of blood glucose maintenance in our blood stream and how is this level maintained? |
|
Definition
| the primary goal of hormone release during exercise is to ensure a certain level of glucose is always maintained in our bloodstream. it is important to have glucose in our bloodstream because the CNS (brain) depends on it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the founding father of physiology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| maintain life system parameters at a constant level over wide ambient environment variations; energetically more expensive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allow the environment to determine life system parameters |
|
|
Term
| what are the three stages in glycolysis? |
|
Definition
1. energy investment phase
2. energy generation phase
3. creation of lactate |
|
|
Term
| what happens when you use glycogen instead of glucose? |
|
Definition
| one additional ATP is formed (3 total) |
|
|
Term
| how much ATP is produced from glycolysis? |
|
Definition
| 2 from glcuose or 3 from glycogen |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 stages of oxidative phosphorolation? |
|
Definition
1. pyruvate to acetyl CoA (because of oxygen present)
2. kreb's cycle
3. electron transport chain |
|
|
Term
| how many pyruvate molecules do you have per glucose molecule during the Kreb's Cycle? |
|
Definition
| 2 molecules pyruvate so you multiply everything times two |
|
|
Term
| how much ATP is produced from one glucose molecule during aerobic conditions? |
|
Definition
| 32. However, don't forget the NADH from glycolysis!! It goes to the mitochondria instead of helping to form lactate - but only yields 2 ATP -> so 4 ATP total from the 2 NADHs (have to pay 1 ATP for each) -> so that creates a total of 36 ATP |
|
|
Term
| what is the electron transport chain? |
|
Definition
| it results in the pumping of H+ ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane. and it results in a H+ gradient |
|
|
Term
| what does EPOC stand for? |
|
Definition
| excess post-exercise oxygen consumption |
|
|
Term
| what results from the kreb's cycle? |
|
Definition
- 1 ATP
- 3 NADH
- 1 FADH
but you multiply everything by two because for every glucose molecule there are 2 pyrvuates!! |
|
|
Term
| how many ATP are produced from each NADH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many ATP are produced from each FADH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much NADH is produced from pyruvic acid?? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much NADH, FADH, and ATP are produced during the kreb's cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what breaks down fats into acetyl CoA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the fuctions of the nervous sytem? |
|
Definition
- control of internal environment
- vountary control of movement
- programming of spinal cord reflexes
- memory and learning |
|
|
Term
| what is part of the central nervous system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is part of the peripheral nervous system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the sensory nervous system? |
|
Definition
| the skin, muscles, tendons, and other tissues. it is afferent |
|
|
Term
| what is the motor nervous system? |
|
Definition
| it is efferent and broken up into two systems: autonomic and somatic |
|
|
Term
| what is the autonomic nervous system? |
|
Definition
| the involuntary organs responsible for maintaining internal environment. broken down into the sympathetic and parasympathetic |
|
|
Term
| what is the difference between parasympathetic and sympathetic? |
|
Definition
sympathetic - stimulatory (fight or flight)
parasympathetic - inhibitory (rest and digest) |
|
|
Term
| what is the somatic nervous system? |
|
Definition
| muscles we can control, like the skeletal muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
efferent - conducted away from something
afferent - conduced toward something |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cell body - control center
dendrites - conducts impulses towards body
axon - carries impulse away from body
synapse - contact points b/w axon and one neuron and dendrites of another neuron
synaptic cleft - space b/w axon terminal of one neuron and dendrites of another |
|
|
Term
| how to establish resting potential |
|
Definition
| To start off, neurons have both positive and negative charges inside and outside of the cell body. This is called being polarized. At rest, the inside of the cell is negatively charged, and the outside of the cell is positive. This is maintained by the sodium/potassium pump. |
|
|
Term
| what is the sodium/potassium pump |
|
Definition
| Potassium tends to leak out so the sodium/potassium pump uses energy from ATP to maintain intracellular/extracellular concentrations by pumping sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell; therefore maintains resting potential. |
|
|
Term
| what is the primary ion that drives changes in membrane potential? |
|
Definition
| when the neuron gets excited because of an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP), Na+ channels are opened, causing the inside of the cell body to become positive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)- Neurotransmitters that cause depolarization (open Na+ channels – charge inside of cell to become more positive)
Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)- Neurotransmitters that cause hyperpolarization (open K+ channels – charge inside of cell stays negative) |
|
|
Term
| how is the nerve signal transmitted down an axon? |
|
Definition
-The synaptic knobs of another neuron releases the neurotransmitter into the dendrites of the receiving neuron. The dendrites receive the neurotransmitter and it goes to the cell body where the EPSP or IPSP takes appropriate action.
-If it is an EPSP, then the Na+ channels will open in the cell membrane and Na+ will diffuse into the cell and the cell becomes more positive (leading to depolarization)
-When the positive threshold is reached, Na+ channels open up and an action potential happens (all-or-nothing law)
-It is like shooting a gun. All of the Na+ channels in the axon open up and the signal is “fired” through the cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Potassium leaves the cell rapidly, sodium channels close, causing a return to resting potential |
|
|
Term
| functions of skeletal muscle |
|
Definition
- force production for locomotion and breathing
- force production for postural support
- heat production during cold stress |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscle -> fasicles -> muscle fibers -> myofibrils -> myofilaments (actin,myosin) |
|
|
Term
| what is the difference between epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium? |
|
Definition
epimysium - surrounds entire muscle
perimysium - surrounds the bundles of muscle fibers (fasicles)
endomysium - surrounds individual muscle fibers |
|
|
Term
| what is a single muscle cell called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plasma membrane of the muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the cytoplasm of the muscle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Z line to Z line. the smallest functional unit of a muscle |
|
|
Term
| what are the two contractile proteins that make up myofibriles? which is thick and which is thin? |
|
Definition
actin - thin (attaches to z-line)
myosin - thick (weakly attaches to actin at rest) |
|
|
Term
| what does the A-band consist of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the H-zone consist of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the I-band consist of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the neurotransmitter released at the neuromuscular junction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.Nerve impulse transmitted from CNS to motor neuron toward muscle fiber (neurotransmitter junction)
2.Acetylcholine neurotransmitter released from motor neuron and travels through synaptic cleft
3.Acetylcholine binds to its receptor in the sarcolemma
4.Action potential transmitted down t-tubules -> Ca2+ released from SR
5.Ca2+ binds to troponin pulling tropomyosin off binding site and myosin heads attach to the actin filament
6.contraction |
|
|
Term
| what is the role of sarcoplasmic reticulum in excitation-contraction coupling? |
|
Definition
| it releases the CO2 necessary to bind to the troponin |
|
|
Term
| what is the sliding filament theory? |
|
Definition
1. at rest- tropomyosin prevents actin/myosin interaction
2. ATP on myosin head is hydrolyzed to a energized, cocked state
3. when stimulated: Ca2+ binds to troponin, topomyosin moves, exposes binding site
4. energized myosin forms a strong bond with actin, ADP release causes myosin to pull on actin (power stroke shortens sarcomere)
5. A new ATP binds to myosin, releasing myosin/actin interaction |
|
|
Term
| how does muscle become relaxed again? |
|
Definition
| ATP allows Ca2+ to be pumped back into SR. The myosin corss-bridge link is blocked and myosin/actin filaments return to relaxed state |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Type I fibers |
|
Definition
| slow fibers found in marathoners |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of Type IIa fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| characteristics of Type IIx fibers |
|
Definition
| fast-twitch fibers found in sprinters |
|
|
Term
| what type of muscle composition do sprinters, endurance athletes, and non-athletes have? |
|
Definition
sprinters - mostly fast-twitch
endurance athletes - mostly slow
non-athletes - about 50% of each |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a motor neuron together with all the muscle fibers it stimulates. a single motor neuron may innervate as few as 10 or as many as 2000 muscle fibers. but, each muscle fiber is innervated by only 1 motor neuron |
|
|
Term
| relationship between force and velocity |
|
Definition
| higher the force, the lower the velocity |
|
|
Term
| how do you determine the amount of force a single fiber can produce? |
|
Definition
| the amount of force generated by a single fiber is related to the number of actin/myosin cross bridges formed |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 factors that determine the amount of force an entire muscle can produce? |
|
Definition
1. number of muscle fibers recruited to contract. (increasing the strength of stimulus recruits more motor units = more muscle fibers = more force)
2. motor unit type (fast twitch fibers are larger and have more myofibrils)
3. initial muscle length at time of contraction (there is an "ideal" length. too long or short you don't have "max" force) |
|
|
Term
| what are the two types of muscle contractions? |
|
Definition
isotonic - muscle changes length and moves a load
isometric - tension in muscle increases, but neither shortens or lengthens (pushing a wall) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
concentric - muscle shortens. bottom half of a rep
eccentric - length increases (putting a heavy object down). top half of rep |
|
|
Term
| muscular strength vs. muscular endurance vs. muscular power |
|
Definition
strength - maximal force that a muscle or muscle group can generate once
power - ability to exert force rapidly
endurance - ability of muscles to repeatedly develop and sustain contractions |
|
|
Term
| what are satellite cells? |
|
Definition
Satellite cells function to facilitate growth, maintenance and repair of damaged skeletal (not cardiac) muscle tissue (2). These cells are termed satellite cells because they are located on the outer surface of the muscle fiber, in between the sarcolemma and basal lamina (uppermost layer of the basement membrane) of the muscle fiber. Satellite cells have one nucleus, with constitutes most of the cell volume.
Usually these cells are dormant, but they become activated when the muscle fiber receives any form of trauma, damage or injury, such as from resistance training overload. The satellite cells then proliferate or multiply, and the daughter cells are drawn to the damaged muscle site. They then fuse to the existing muscle fiber, donating their nuclei to the fiber, which helps to regenerate the muscle fiber. It is important to emphasize the point that this process is not creating more skeletal muscle fibers (in humans), but increasing the size and number of contractile proteins (actin and myosin) within the muscle fiber |
|
|
Term
| what is the golgi tendon organ (GTO)? |
|
Definition
| protective relfex that insures muscle does not over contract and cause structural damage |
|
|
Term
| mucle fiber changes in strength training vs. muscle fiber changes in resistance training? |
|
Definition
strength - type lla increase
endurance - type l increase |
|
|
Term
| what is fiber hypertrophy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increases the number of muscle fibers |
|
|
Term
| what are the two reasons why increases in strength with exercise occur? |
|
Definition
| neural adaptations and hypertrophy |
|
|
Term
| what is the job of the cardiovascular system? |
|
Definition
- transport O2 and nutrients to tissues
- remove waste
- help regulate temperature |
|
|
Term
| arteries vs. veins vs. capillaries |
|
Definition
arteries - away from the heart. largest
veins - towards the heart. smaller
capillaries - smallest. exchanges all gases and nutrients |
|
|
Term
| what are the chambers and directions of blood flow through the heart and lungs? |
|
Definition
| - Deoxygenated blood in through vena cava. Into the RA and goes into the RV through tricuspid (arterioventricular valve). Goes from the RV into the lungs through pulmonary artery through pulmonary valve (semilunar valve). Comes back into heart oxygenated from pulmonary veins and into LA. Goes from LA to LV through mitral (arterioventricular valve). Then goes from LV to body from the aorta. Which it goes through the aortic (semilunar valve) to get to the aorta. Gets sent to the body from there |
|
|
Term
| what is the pulmonary circuit? |
|
Definition
| heart and lungs. pumps dexoygenated blood from RV to lungs via pulmonary arteries and returns oxygenated blood to the LA via the pulmonary veins |
|
|
Term
| what is the systemic circuit? |
|
Definition
| heart and tissues. pumps oxygenated blood from LV to whole body via aorta and returns deoxygenated blood to the RA via the vena cavae |
|
|
Term
| how are myocardial cells similar to skeletal muscle fibers? |
|
Definition
| they contain myosin and actin |
|
|
Term
| what are the two phases of cardiac cycle? |
|
Definition
1 contraction and 1 relaxation
systole = contraction phase (ejection of blood)
diastole = relaxation phase (filling with blood) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| volume of blood pumped out of the LV with each beat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amount of blood pumped by the heart per min |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amount of blood that the heart ejects from the ventricle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
systolic/diastolic
normal - less than 120/80 |
|
|
Term
| what is mean arterial pressure? |
|
Definition
| average pressure in arteries. MAP = diastolic vs. 1/3(pulse pressure) |
|
|
Term
| impact of acute exercise on HR, SV, BP, Q, a-vO2diff, and MAP? |
|
Definition
| all of them increase, except SV increases up to 40% then levels out |
|
|
Term
| what is a-vO2 difference? |
|
Definition
| the difference between the amount of oxygen extracted than delivered |
|
|
Term
| two factors for increasing our vo2 max? |
|
Definition
| stroke volume and a-vO2 max |
|
|
Term
| normal body temp vs. operable body temp |
|
Definition
normal - 98.6 F
operable - 93.2 - 105.8 |
|
|
Term
| which part of your body has the highest temp? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the body's thermostat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the primary effectors in the body that respond to and adjust to changes in body temp? |
|
Definition
radiation - only if body temp is higher than air temp
conduction - warm skin contacts cold surface
convection - type of conduction; indirect transfer to colder environment
evaporation - only if water vapor pressure gradient higher from skin to air (low humidity) |
|
|
Term
| primary mechanism for heat loss while exercising |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| primary mechanism for heat loss while not exercising |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| problems with extreme hots and colds |
|
Definition
hot and dry - inability to remain hydrated
humidity - inability to lose heat from water on skin
cold - hyperthermia - reduces CNS drive for motor performance |
|
|
Term
| heat exhaustion vs. heat stroke |
|
Definition
exhaustion - reduced sweating, elevated skin/core temp, excessive thirst, weakness
heat stroke - true emergency, very high core temp, body can't regulate it's cooling, seizures, nausea |
|
|
Term
| relationship between exercise intensity and core body temp |
|
Definition
| increase in intensity = higher heat production and higher net heat loss (higher evaporative heat loss) |
|
|
Term
| what is the vapor pressure gradient? how does relative humidity effect it? |
|
Definition
vapor pressure gradient is the difference in the amount of water in the air vs. on your skin.
Low relative humidity = low amount of water in air. high gradient so easy for sweat to evaporate
high relative humidity = high amount of water in air. low gradient so little to no sweat evaporated off of skin |
|
|
Term
| function of the respiratory system |
|
Definition
- provides a means of gas exchange between the environment and the body
- plays a role in the regulation of acid-base balance during exercise |
|
|
Term
| major organs of respiratory system |
|
Definition
| nose, nasal cavity, pharynx (throat), layrnx (voice box), trachea (mucus), lungs |
|
|
Term
| branching inside the lungs |
|
Definition
| Trachea -> bonchi -> bronchioles -> terminal bronchioles (part of first part of lung, just for air structure -> respiratory bronchioles (has alveoli and can diffuse oxygen into bloodstream) -> alveolar ducts -> alveolar sacs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process of moving air into and out of the lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process by which O2 moves out of the lungs into the blood, and Co2 moves from blood into lungs |
|
|
Term
| conducting zone vs. respiratory zone |
|
Definition
conducting zone - moves air through trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles to the respiratory zone. (humidifies, warms, filers air)
respiratory zone - exchange of gases between air and blood occurs in alveoli of respiratory bronchioles and in aveolar sacs |
|
|
Term
| inspiration vs. expiration of diaphragm |
|
Definition
inspiration - Diaphragm contracts, abdomen is pushed down, ribs pushed out, intrapulmonary pressure decreases, lungs expand, air rushes in
expiration - Diaphragm relaxes, abdomen pushed up, ribs collapse, intrapulmonary pressure increases, lungs collapse, air flows out |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| purpose - illustrate the effect of PO2 on the association of oxygen with hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
| factors that alter O2-Hb dissociation curve |
|
Definition
pH and temperature
pH - blood pH declines during exercise due to lactic acid (H+). results in "rightward" shift of curve
temperature - exercise increases blood temp. results in "rightward" shift |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an oxygen binding protein in skeletal and cardiac muscle which moves oxygen from the cell membrane to the mitochondria |
|
|
Term
| normal pH in body and survival range |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the job of buffers? |
|
Definition
| they resist change in pH. release H+ ions when pH is high and accept H+ ions when pH is low |
|
|
Term
| leading cause of death in US |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ACSM/AHA 2010 recommendations for physical activity |
|
Definition
1.Moderate intensity aerobic activity (brisk walking) for a minimum of 30 min, 5 days each week
2.Vigorous intensity aerobic activity (jogging) for a minimum of 20 min, 3 days each week
In addition, resistance exercise at least 2 days each week (8-10 strength exercises, 8-12 reps to fatigue) |
|
|
Term
| most and least sensitive to exercise (BP, insulin, VO2 max, resting heart rate, HDL) |
|
Definition
BP and insulin = most sensative
HDL = least sensitive |
|
|
Term
| acceptable % of fat in the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| subcutaneious vs. visceral |
|
Definition
subcuntaneious - just under the skin
visceral - surrounding organs. this kind of fat is worse |
|
|
Term
| what contributes to energy expenditure with the % contribution of each |
|
Definition
- resting metabolic rate - 60-70%
- thermic effect of feeding - 10-15%
- physical activity - highly variable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| basal metabolic rate - rate of energy expenditure under standardized conditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| relationship between fat content and RMR |
|
Definition
| lower your body fat is, the higher your RMR will be. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
normal - 18.5 - 24.9
obese - greater than or equal to 30 |
|
|
Term
| absolute vs. relative body fat |
|
Definition
absolute - fat and free-fat mass in g/kg
relative - percentage of weight that is fat and fat-free |
|
|
Term
| what are the problems with BMI? |
|
Definition
- overestimates well-muscled
- under-estimates individuals with more fat |
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Term
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Definition
| water is a conductor of electricity, and Fat-free mass contains more water than fat mass. higher impedance = higher % body fat |
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Term
| what is underwater training |
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Definition
water density = 1.0 g/ml
density of pure fat = .9 g/ml
FFM = 1.1 g/mL
less dense = more fat
more dense = less fat |
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Term
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Definition
| it measures the density of your bones |
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Term
| what is the job of insulin? |
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Definition
| it binds to its receptor on the cell membrane and "activates" glucose transporters. insulin receptor sends signal to GLUT4. GLUT4 goes to opening of cell and collects glucose and brings it into cell |
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Term
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Definition
| disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose |
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Term
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Definition
"insulin dependent" or "juvenile onset"
no production of insulin by the pancreas |
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Term
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Definition
"non-insulin dependent" or "adult onset"
a lot of insulin production, but cells are insulin resistant |
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Term
| what are the tests that test for diabetes? |
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Definition
fast plasma glucose - blood glucose greater than 126 mg/dL on 2 separate occasions
oral glucose tolerance test - ingest sugar and measure blood every 20 min for 2 hours. glucose is greater than 200 mg/dL at 2 hours |
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Term
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Definition
| slow build up of plaque in any vessel in body |
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Term
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Definition
| plaque in coronary arteries |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
LDL - low density lipoprotein - bad cholesterol. when too much LDL circulates in blood, promotes plaque formation in the vessels
HDL - high density lipoprotein - good cholesterol. promotes removal of 'bad' cholesterol from vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| brain blood vessel blocked by clot/rupture |
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Term
| steps involved in progression of atherosclerosis |
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Definition
LDL cholesterol readily enters the artery wall due to damage to the inner endothelial layer
If allowed to accumulate, LDL will undergo a series of modifications in which it becomes oxidized
Oxidized LDL results in the presence of a signal on the endothelial lining which attracts immune cells (inflammation)
These immune cells penetrate the barrier and trigger a cascade of events
Plaque starts to build and form a “cap” which can restrict blood flow
Once the cap ruptures, the contents leak out into the lumen resulting in thrombus or embolism |
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