Term
| What is the functional Unit of the Lungs? |
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Definition
| Alveolars(duct, sac, and individual Alveolus) |
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Term
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Definition
| Carbohydrates, Creatine phosphate, carbohydrates, fat, protein. |
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Term
| What fuel source powers the phosphagen system? |
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Definition
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Term
| What fuel source powers Glycolysis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What fuel source powers oxidative phosphorylation |
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Definition
| carbohydrates, fat, protein |
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Term
| What % of CO2 is transported from the blood to the lungs as bicarbonate? |
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Definition
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Term
| Heart size, volume of red blood cells, hemoglobin levels, and size of mitochondria are all adaptations that increase with exercise. True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is considered normal blood pressure? |
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Definition
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Term
| The 3 different energy systems work completely independent of one another. True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is Not an anaerobic pathway of energy production: Phosphagen system, glycolytic system, oxidative system? |
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Definition
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Term
| What occurs in the thoracic cavity during inspiration? |
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Definition
| The thoracic cavity expands due to muscle contractions and the pressure is lowered. |
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Term
| Which point on a graph measuring running speed and blood lactate represent the anaerobic threshold? |
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Definition
| where the blood lactate (y axis) begins to increase. |
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Term
| The____ of ATP releases energy |
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Definition
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Term
| The_____of ATP requires energy |
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Definition
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Term
| Pyruvic acid, a byproduct of glycosides is processed in the mitochondria. When the production of pyruvic acid produced is greater than the processing of the pyruvic acid which byproduct is created? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the correct path of deoxygenated blood flow through the heart (starting at the inferior/superior vena cava |
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Definition
| ///Begin deoxygenated blood///Blood flows into (1)RIGHT ATRIUM via vena cava and then (2)RIGHT VENTRICLE. Blood flows through (3)PULMONARY ARTERY to (4)LUNGS, gas enhance takes place through gas diffusion in alveoli(lungs). ///End Deoxygenated blood///Begin Oxygenated blood///Blood flows through (5)PULMONARY VEIN from lungs to(6)LEFT ATRIUM and then (7)LEFT VENTRICLE. Blood flows out of the heart via (8)AORTA and is distributed to all over the body |
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Term
| ______is the amount of blood pumped out the left ventricle per minute |
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Definition
Cardiac Output (CO)
CO=SV x HR |
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Term
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Definition
| Energy production for muscular contraction. The breakdown of ATP into adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and a free phosphate (P) provides the fuel for contractile activity in working muscles – the formation of cross bridges between the actin and myosin filaments (ATP puts myosin head into position so it can attach to actin). |
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Term
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Definition
| ATP is renewable, so muscle cells are able to resynthesizes ATP by the recombination of ADP with a free phosphate. The regeneration of ATP requires energy which is supplied through the breakdown of complex food molecules(Carbs, Fats, and proteins). The degradation fo these nutrients within the body releases energy from their chemical bonds that are used to resynthesizes ATP. |
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Term
| How many energy systems are there for ATP production and what are they? |
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Definition
1. Phosphagen System-immediate
2. Glycolytic system-short term
3. Oxidative System-long term |
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Term
| Which energy systems have anaerobic pathways? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which energy systems have aerobic pathways? |
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Definition
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Term
| Phosphagen system (ATP-PC) |
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Definition
Primary energy source for high power/ short duration activity.
Uses intramuscular stores of ATP.
Uses local creatine phosphate to resynthesize ATP from ADP after ATP depletes. all stores are small so this system lasts 7-12 seconds. |
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Term
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Definition
| Uses Glycolysis for energy production(the breakdown of carbs. Glycogen in muscle or glucose in blood) to resynthesizes ATP. No oxygen needed for energy production. A metabolic by product: lactic acid . |
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Term
| Describe pyruvic acid and its relation to lactic acid |
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Definition
| during each step of glycolysis, a specific enzyme breaks down the chemical bonds of stored glycogen or blood glucose in the absence of oxygen. The final product in the complex series of breakdowns is termed pyruvic acid. It can be converted into lactic acid if the rate of pyruvic acid production is high or it can be converted to pyruvate which is processed in mitochondria. |
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Term
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Definition
| dissociates into a salt compound called lactate and hydrogen ions. Hydrogen ions are known to induce muscle fatigue and also hamper the transmutation of electrical signals ate the neuromuscular junction which limits fiber activation. |
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Term
| Effect of training on the Glycolytic System |
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Definition
| increase in Anaerobic Threshold: an exercise intensity at which lactic acid begins to accumulate. reduces rate of lactate production. increases rate of lactate elimination. AT = Lactate threshold |
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Term
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Definition
| Primary energy source for activities below anaerobic threshold(when you begin to accumulate lactic acid). Oxidative phosphorylation is involved in energy production(ATP). Removes lactic acid from working muscles(Cori cycle). |
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Term
| Oxidative phosphorylation |
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Definition
147 ATP per cycle created from fats, 38 ATP from glucose.
Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in mitochondria.
Oxygen is needed for energy production.
Carbs, fat, and protein are used to fuel this system. |
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Term
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Definition
| converting lactic acid into glucose in the liver, which will then be utilized to produce more energy via glycolysis. |
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Term
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Definition
| (maximal aerobic power)The maximal rate of oxygen that can be consumed to produce energy in the muscle. Power of oxidative system. Additional energy requirement beyond this intensity will be fulfilled by glycolytic system. |
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Term
| Effects of training on Aerobic Systems(oxidative) |
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Definition
Endurance training(long duration several times per week).
Increase in vascularization within muscles
increases in number and size of mitochondria within muscle fibers. Preferential use of fats over glycogen during exercise. increases the max aerobic power of a sedentary individual by 15 to 25 percent regardless of age. |
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Term
| Because VO2 max is the power of oxidative system how does it affect Anaerobic threshold |
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Definition
| improves the ability to to remove lactic acid build up and increases ability of the oxidative system(increase anaerobic/lactic acid threshold). |
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Term
| Duration of Phosphagen system |
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Definition
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Term
| Duration of glycolysis system |
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Definition
10 sec-2 min
400-800m event |
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Term
| Duration of Oxidative system |
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Definition
2 min-1+hr.
1500m to 5000m or 10k to marathon event |
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Term
Heart rate (HR)
normal HR. Max HR equation, and how to calculate |
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Definition
Number of heart beats per minute (bpm)
Normal HR: 60-100bpm
Max HR=220-Age
calculated by counting beats in pulse for 10 sec and multiplying by six |
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Term
Stroke Volume (SV)
normal SV for normal heart
training effect |
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Definition
| Amount of blood pumped out from LEFT VENTRICLE per HEARTBEAT. Normal SV is 70ml. Regular exercise can increase SV. |
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Term
Cardiac Output (CO)
equation |
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Definition
| Amount of blood pumped out fromLEFT VENTRICLE PER MINUTE. CO = SV x HR |
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Term
Blood pressure (BP)
Systolic/Diastolic
Normal BP |
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Definition
| Systolic/Diastolic. Systolic BP (SBP): pressure when heart pumps out blood. Diastolic BP (DBP): pressure when heart relaxes. Normal BP is 120/80 mmHg. |
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Term
| What numbers define Hypertension? How can it be reduced? What does it cause? |
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Definition
SBP 140+ mmHg or DBP 90+ mmHg
can be reduced with regular exercise/sport training.
Hypertension increases the risk of heart disease and stroke-two leading causes of dead in US. |
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Term
| Arteries largest to smallest |
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Definition
| Largest to smallest-Arteries, Arterioles, capillaries. |
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Term
| Vessels that carry blood away from the heart are called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Arteries branch into smaller and smaller vessels called? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Provide oxygen and nutrients and pick up waste and carbon dioxide. work with both veins and arteries |
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Term
| vessels that return blood back to heart? |
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Definition
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Term
| Veins largest to smallest veins, venues, capillaries. |
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Definition
| Veins, venules, capillaries |
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Term
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Definition
| pressure when heart pumps out blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| pressure when heart relaxes. |
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Term
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Definition
| is a protein in your red blood cells that carries oxygen to your body's organs and tissues and transports carbon dioxide from your organs and tissues back to your lungs |
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Term
| CO2 as it relates to the cardiorespiratory system |
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Definition
| CO2 is produced in the body as a by-product of energy metabolism. CO2 diffuses from the cells to the blood, and are transported to the lungs |
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Term
| What percentage of CO2 is dissolved in the blood plasma? |
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Definition
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Term
| What percentage of CO2 binds with hemoglobin |
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Definition
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Term
| What percentage of CO2 is transported as bicarbonate |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| transported in red blood cells from lungs to the tissues. uptake is measured by VO2. allows for creation of ATP |
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Term
| Primary Role of the Respiratory system |
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Definition
| To deliver oxygenated air to blood. To remove CO2, a by-product of metabolism, from blood. the cardiovascular and respiratory systems work together to provide oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and remove CO2 and waste products from tissues. |
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Term
| Heart size and wall thickness adaptation to exercise |
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Definition
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Term
| Resting HR and BP adaptation to exercise |
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Definition
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Term
| # of capillaries in muscles adaptation to exercise |
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Definition
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Term
| volume of red blood cells adaptation to exercise |
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Definition
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Term
| hemoglobin levels adaptation to exercise |
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Definition
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Term
| # and size of mitochondria adaptation to exercise |
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Definition
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Term
| Muscular endurance adaptation to exercise |
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Definition
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Term
| Gas exchange in lugs adaptation to exercise |
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Definition
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Term
| Recovery after exercise adaption to exercise |
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Definition
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Term
| Do heart beats very in different frequency depending on situations? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| controls the frequency of heart beat by generating electrical charge (action potential) to contract heart muscles |
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Term
| What two respiratory zones are there? |
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Definition
The conduction zone
The respiratory zone |
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Term
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Definition
| A set of anatomical structures through which air passes before reaching the respiratory zone. Air enters through the nose and/or mouth, where it is filtered, humidified, and adjusted to body temperature in the trachea (windpipe). Trachea branches into right and left bronchi that enter the lungs and continue to branch into smaller and smaller tubes called bronchioles, and finally terminal bronchioles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Region where gas exchange occurs. functional units of the lungs are the tiny air sacs, known as alveoli. Alveoli are clustered in bunches like grapes, with a common opening into an alveolar duct called an alveolar sac. |
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Term
| High altitude training benefits |
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Definition
| Thin air at altitude requires cardiovascular system to be strengthened. more red blood cells and hemoglobin=better oxygen carrying capacity. likely to increase anaerobic threshold. |
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