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| founded Persian Empire by 550 B.C.E.; successor state to mesopotamian empires. |
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| Persian religion that saw material existence as a battle between the forces of good and evil; stressed the importance of moral choice; a last judgement decided the eternal fate of each person |
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| culture derived from the Greek civilization that flourished between 800 B.C.E. to 400 C.E. |
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| culture associated with the spread of Greek influence and intermixture with other cultures as a result of Macedonian conquests |
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| Greek epic poems attributed to Homer; defined relations of gods and humans that shaped Greek mythology |
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| city state form of government typical of Greek political organization from 800 B.C.E. to 400 C.E. |
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| Athenian reformer of the sixth century; established laws that eased the debt burden of farmers; forbade enslevement for debt |
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| Athenian philosopher of late fifth century B.C.E.; tutor of Plato; urged rational reflecton of moral decisions; condemned to death for "corrupting" minds of Athenian young. |
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| literally rule of the people, in Athens meaning free male citizens; all decisions emanated from the popular assembly withour intermediation of elected representatives |
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| Athenian political leader during fifth century B.C.E.; guided development of Athenian empire. |
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| one of the pan-Hellenic rituals observed by all Greek city-states; involved athletic competitions and ritual celebrations |
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| person representing the god Apollo; received cryptic messages from the god that had predictive value if the seker could correctly interpret the communication. |
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| fifth century B.C.E. wars between the persian empire and greek city states; greek victories allowed Greek civilization to define identity |
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| alliance formed by Athens with other city-states after Persian wars; later taken over by Athens and became Athenian empire |
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| war from 431 to 404 B.C.E. between Athens and Sparta for dominationin Greece; the Spartans won but failed to achieve political unification in Greece |
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| kingdom of northern Greece; originally loosely organized under kings; became centralized under Phillip II; conquered Greek city-states |
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| ruled Macedon from 359 to 336 B.C.E.; founder of centralized kingdom; conquered Greece |
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| son and successor of Philip II; conquered Persian empire and advanced to borders of India; attempted to combine Greek and Persian culture |
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| a regional dynasty after the death of Alexander; ruled in Egypt. |
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| a regional dynasty after the death of Alexander; ruled in Persia |
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| a regional dynasty after the death of Alexander; ruled in Macedon and Greece |
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| Hellenistic philosophers; they emphasized inner moral independence cultivated by strict discipline of the body and personal bravery |
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| Greek Philosopher; knowledge based upon consideration of ideal forms outside the material world; proposed ideal form of government based on abstract principles in which philosophy ruled |
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| Greek writer of tragedies; author of Oedipus Rex |
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| Greek writer or comedies; author of the Frogs |
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| three distinct styles of Hellenic architecture; listed in order of increasing ornate quality |
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| great city founded in Egypt by Alexander; site of Mediterranean world's greatest library; great intellectual center |
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| conquered indigenous population of Sparta; provided agricultural labor for Spartan landowners; only semi-free; largest part of the population |
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| culture that ruled Tome prior to the republic; ruled though powerful kings and well organized armies; Romans won independence around 510 B.C.E. |
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| ordinary citizens; originally Roman families that could not trace relationships to one of the major Roman clans |
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| two chief executives of the Roman republic; elected annually by the assembly dominated by the aristocracy |
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| the social relationship whereby wealthy Roman landholders offered protection and financial aid to lesser citizens in return for political and labor support. |
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| the basic infantry unit of th Roman military; developed during the republic. |
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| founded by the Phoenicians in Tunisia; became a major empire in the western Mediterranean; fought the three Punic wars with Tome for Mediterranean dominance; defeated and destroyed by the Romans |
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| Carthaginian general during the second Punic War; invaded Italy but failed to conquer Rome; finally defeated in Africa at battle of Zama |
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| the balanced political system of Rome from 510 to 47 B.C.E.; featured an aristocratic senate, a panel of magistrates, and popular assemblies. |
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| plebeian officials elected annually during the Roman republic |
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| Tiberius and Galus Gracchus |
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| tribunes who attempted to introduce land and citizenship reform under the late Roman republic; both killed by order of the senate. |
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| Tiberius and Galus Gracchus |
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| tribunes who attempted to introduce land and citizenship reform under the late Roman republic; both killed by order of the senate. |
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| Roman general during the last century B.C.E.; introduced the use of paid volunteers in the army rather than citizen conscripts; became a military force with personal loyalty to its commander |
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| conservative military commander during the last century B.C.E.; attempted to reinforce powers of the Senate and to counter the infulence of Marius |
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| general responsible for the conquest of Gaul; brought army back to Rome and overthrew republic; assassinated in 44 B.C.E. by conservative senators |
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| later took name of Augustus; Julius Caesar's grandnephew and adopted son; defeated conservative senators after Caesar's assassination; became first Roman emperor. |
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| conservative senator and Stoic philosopher; one of the great orators of his day. |
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| a great Roman epic poet during the Golden Age of Latin literature; author of the Aeneid |
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| a poet who adapted Greek poetic meters to Latin; author of lyrical poetry laudatory of the empire |
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| historian who linked the Roman empire to the traditions of the republican past; stressed the virtues thought to be popular during the early empire |
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| general principles of law applicable to all societies; became a fundamental concept of the Roman empire's legal system; related to Stoic ethical theory |
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| emperor; instituted a more aggressive imperial foreign policy resulting in expansion of the empire to its greatest limits |
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| Jewish teacher and prophet; believed |
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| Jewish teacher and prophet; believed by his followers to be the Messiah; executed by Romans ca. 30 C.E. |
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| heads of regional Christian churches |
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