Term
| Adrenal Cortex (embryologic origin) |
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Definition
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Term
| adrenal cortex (hormones) |
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Definition
| aldosterone, cortisol, various androgens |
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Term
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Definition
| outermost layer of adrenal gland; produces fasciculata |
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Term
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Definition
middle layer of adrenal gland;
produces glucorticoids such as cortisol, corticosterone |
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Term
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Definition
inner layer of adrenal gland;
produces androgens such as DHEA and androstenedione |
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Term
| aldosterone release (causes) |
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Definition
1) High extracellular potassium
2) High angiotensin II
3) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) |
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Term
| Effects of high aldosterone levels |
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Definition
1) higher sodium absorption
2) higher potassium excretion
3) Higher blood volume and pressure |
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Term
| Effects of low aldosterone levels |
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Definition
1) hyperkalemia
2) hyponatermia |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Organ aldosterone affects |
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Definition
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Term
| cortisol release (causes) |
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Definition
1) hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)
2) daily cycles
3) physical or physiological stressors |
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Term
Effects of Cortisol
1) immune:
2) liver:
3) muscle:
4) adipose tissue:
5) bone:
6) intestines: |
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Definition
1) suppresses immune inflammation
2) raises plasma glucose
3) raises protein catabolism in muscle
4) increases lipolysis
5) increases calcium resorption
6) decreases calcium absorption
4) |
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Term
| cortisol short-loop feedback |
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Definition
| ACTH has an inhibitory effect on the secretion of CRH |
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Term
| cortisol long-loop negative feedback |
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Definition
| cortisol inhibits the release of ACTH and CRH |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Androgen release (causes) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
critical in puberty;
cause development of hair follicles, sebaceous glands, prostate, and external genitalia |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Cushing's disease (cause) |
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Definition
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Term
| Cushing's disease (symptoms) |
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Definition
1) Trunkal obesity
2) Thin skin
3) osteoporosis
4) Hyperglycemia |
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Term
| Cushing's disease (treatment) |
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Definition
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Term
| Addison's Disease (cause) |
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Definition
| adrenocortical insuffiency with compensatory high levels of ACTH |
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Term
| Location of iodine in body |
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Definition
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Term
| Iodine transport in blood |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| composition of monoiodotyrosine (MIT) |
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Definition
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Term
| composition of diiodotyrosine (DIT) |
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Definition
| two iodines and one tyrosine |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| T4 (tetraiodotyronine or thyroxine) |
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Definition
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Term
| Amounts of T4 vs T3 in blood. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
thyroxine-binding globulin
thyroxine binding prealbumin
albumin |
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Term
| T4 vs T3 (metabolic activity) |
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Definition
| T3 is far more metabolically active, to the point where T4 is converted to T3 once in the target cell. |
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Term
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Definition
1)Increased glycose uptake
2) Increased Glucose absorption
3) increased gluconeogensis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Effects of T3 on metabolism |
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Definition
1) Increased basal metabolic rate
2) Weight loss |
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Term
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Definition
| Increased respiratory rate |
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Term
| T3 cardiovascular effects |
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Definition
1) Increased heart rate
2) Increased contractility of heart muscle |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Inhibitors of TRH release |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1)prostaglandins
2)opioids
3)ADH
4) Leptin |
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Term
| Inhibitors of TSH release (from anterior pituitary) |
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Definition
1) Dopamine
2) somastostatin
3) Gastrin
4) glucocorticoids
5) 5HT
6) CCK
7) ADH
8) Neuropeptide Y |
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Term
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Definition
1) Decreased T3/T4 levels (and lower metabolism)
2) Less heat from metabolic activities |
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Term
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Definition
1)cold intolerant (lower BMR)
2)brittle nails, thin hair (lower
protein synthesis)
3) slower reflexes, speech, though
4) brachycardia
3) |
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Term
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Definition
| competitively inhibits absorption of idoine by the thyroid |
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Term
| Propylthiouracil (function) |
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Definition
| blocks TPO iodination and coupling, which in plain english means you can't make T3/T4 |
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Term
| High concentration of iodides (result) |
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Definition
| prevents colloid endocytosis, decreases iodide trapping and iodination |
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Term
| hyperthyroidism (symptoms) |
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Definition
| 1) warm, sweaty skin 2) heat intolerance 3) weight loss 4) muscle weakness 5) excessive nervous stimulation 6) elevated heart rate 7) exopthalamus, which is pushing out of your eyeballs |
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Term
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Definition
somatotropin hormone
protein hormone |
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Term
| solubility of GH in blood |
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Definition
| highly soluble due to the fact that it is water soluble. |
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Term
GH levels due to age
1) birth
2) childhood
3) puberty
4) adult life
5) old age |
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Definition
1) low at birth
2) rises and then plateaus in childhood
3) spikes upward in puberty
4) slowly falls for the rest of your life |
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Term
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Definition
1) increased AA transport into cells
2) increased DNA translation
3) increased RNA t ranslation
4) decreased protein catabolism |
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Term
| GH effects: fat utilization |
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Definition
1) increased conversion of fatty acids to acetyl-CoA
2) in other worlds, lots of lipolysis |
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Term
| GH effects: carbohydrates |
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Definition
1) decreased glucose uptake by tissues
2) increased glucose production via liver
3) increased insulin secretion |
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Term
| GH effects: cartilage and bone |
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Definition
1) leads to greater growth at epiphyseal plates
2) Osteoclasts deposit new bone
3) Increased calcium absorption by bones |
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Term
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Definition
1) sodium retension
2) increased hypertrophy (cell size)
3) increased hyperplasia (mitosis) |
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Term
| Primary action agents for growth hormone |
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Definition
| IGFs (insulin-like growth factors) |
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Term
| Hormones responsible for tissue growth |
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Definition
1) GH
2) thyroid hormones (T3/T4)
3) insulin |
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Term
| Hormones required for bone growth |
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Definition
1) GH
2) parathyroid hormone (PTH)
3) T3/T4
4) FGF (fibroblast growth factor) |
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Term
| Indirect effects of GH release( come from IGF) |
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Definition
1) Inuslin-like activity
2) rptoein synthesis
3) anti-lipolysis (contrary to GH)
4) epiphyseal growth |
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Term
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Definition
| somatostatins such as IGF |
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Term
| Stimuli for GHH release (biochemical) |
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Definition
1) lowered glucose levels
2) high amino acid levels |
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Term
| Stimuli for GH release (environmental) |
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Definition
1) starvation
2) exercise
3) Stress
4) Less sleep |
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Term
| Stimuli for GH relase (hormonal) |
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Definition
1) insulin
2) glucagon
3) ghrelin |
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Term
| Inhibitors for GH release (hormonal) |
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Definition
1) cortisol
2) GHIGH/somatostatin
3) IGF
4) exogenous GH |
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Term
| Inhibitors of GH release (environmental) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1) dwarfism
2) GH insensitivy
3) Psychosocial and emotional deprivation |
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Term
| Effects of high GH levels |
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Definition
1) hyperpituitary gigantism
2) GH secreting tumor
3) gigatism
4) thickening in skull bones |
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Term
| GH deficincies result from |
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Definition
1) panhypopituitarism
2) decreased GH synthesis
3) defective GH-R |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Osteoclasts and blood calcium levels |
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Definition
| Cause increase in calcium levels by dissolving bown, which contains large amounts of calcium. |
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Term
| Interleukin-6 (source and function) |
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Definition
1) osteoblasts
2) causes release of H+ and proteases from osteoclasts, which dissolve bone matrix. |
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Term
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Definition
secreted by osteoblasts
stimulate bone resorption by osteoclasts |
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Term
| Osteoprotegrin (source and function) |
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Definition
1) secreted by osteoblasts
2) binds RANKL to prevent bone resorption |
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Term
| Glucocorticoids and RANKL |
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Definition
1) cause secretion of RANKL
2) inhibit secretion of osteoprotegrin |
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Term
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Definition
1)Increases calcium resorption from bone
2)Decreases calcium absorption from intestine |
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Term
| Hormones that control blood calcium levels |
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Definition
1) parathyroid hormone (PTH)
2) 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-D3)
3) Calcitonin |
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Term
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Definition
1) PTH causes bone resorption
2) increases blood calcium levels
3) decreases blood phosphate levels |
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Term
| Site of 1,25-D3 production |
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Definition
1) D3 formed in skin
2) 25-D3 formed in liver
3) 1,25-D3 formed in kidneys |
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Term
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Definition
Increases calcium and phosphate absorption by the intestine.
2) Causes deposition of hydroxyapetite on bone |
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Term
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Definition
| PTH stimulates the kidney to form 1,25-D3 |
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Term
| Disease caused by low 1,25-D3 |
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Definition
Children: rickets
Adults: osteomalacia |
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Term
| Clinical manifestations of low calcium levels |
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Definition
1) Increased muscle contraction due to neuronal permeability to sodium.
2) Can cause tetany and death. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bone loss due to increased age, decreased calcium intake, and lower calcium levels. |
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Term
| oxygen capacity (formula) |
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Definition
| grams of Hb/dL blood x 1.34 mL O2/dL blood |
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Term
| Oxygen content (definition) |
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Definition
| The amount of oxygen actually being carried in our blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| oxygen capacity x %saturation |
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Term
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Definition
| When bone marrow is making red blood cells when there is no need to. |
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Term
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Definition
1) bone marrow is normal
2) oxygen levels are low |
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Term
| Physiological polycythemia |
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Definition
| Low oxygen levels due to high altitude. |
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Term
| Neurotransmitter for preganglionic fibers |
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Definition
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Term
| Receptors for preganglionic fibers |
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Definition
| cholinergic nicotinic receptors |
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Term
| Neurotransmitter for postganglionic parasympathetic fibers |
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Definition
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Term
| Receptor for postganglionic parasympathetic fibers |
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Definition
| cholinergic muscarinic receptors |
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Term
| Neurotransmitter for postganglionic sympathetic fibers |
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Definition
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Term
| Receptor for sympathetic postganglionic fibers |
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Definition
| adregenic receptors (alpha and beta) |
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Term
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Definition
| An autonomic ganglion which does not have axons but secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine into circulating blood. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates GI and pancreas |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulate heart muscle and kidney |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulate certain vessel walls such as those supplying skeletal muscle and smooth muscle of some additional organs. |
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