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| the study of animals in their natural habitats |
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| A species-specific behavior that is built into an animal'a nervous system and triggered by a specific stimulus (instinctual behaviors) |
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| A relatively permanent change in knowlegde or behavior that comes about as a result of experience |
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| The simplest form of learning; The tendency of an organism to become familiar with a stimulus as a result of repeated exposure (gradual reduction in stilmuation upon exposure, novelty wears off) |
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| A type of learning in which an organism coms to associate one stimulus to another (also called Pavlovian conditioning) |
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| Believed to be the key to learning- A tendency to connect events that occur together in space and time |
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| Unconditioned response (UR) |
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| An unlearned response (salivating) to an unconditioned stimulus (food) |
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| Unconditioned stimulus (US) |
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| A stimulus (food) that triggers an unconditioned response (salivation) |
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| Conditioned stimulus (CS) |
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| A neutral stimulus (bell) that comes to evoke a classically conditioned response (salivation) |
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| Conditioned response (CR) |
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| A learned response (salivation) to a classically conditioned stimulus (bell) |
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| The formation of a learned respense to a stimulus through the presentation of an unconditioned stimulus (classical conditioning) or reinforcement (operant conditioning) |
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| Forward, Simultaneous and Backward conditioning |
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Forward: CS then US, with slight overlap (best learning)
Simultaneous: same time (slow learning)
Bakcward: US then CS (no learning) |
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| The elimination of a learned response by removal of the unconditioned stimilus (classical conditioning) or reinforcement (poerant conditioning) |
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| the reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a rest period (rebounf effect) |
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| The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the conditioned stimulus |
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| In classical and operant conditioning, the ability to distinguish between different stimuli (black and gray square) |
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| An observable and measurable stimulus acts on the organism, bringing about an overt response |
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| The natural preparedness to learn some CS-US associations easier than others, eg maple-flavoured ice cream is the 'scapegoat' for chemotherapy to prevent food aversions |
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1) highly selective, making us snesitive to some objs eg thunder, but not others
2) elicit fear responses that are 'autonomic', requiring little attention, thought or effort
3) responses are hard to consciously control or avoid
4) the modules are controlled by the amygdala and hippocampus, primitive subcortical limbic structures shared by all mammals |
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| Cognitive representations |
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Definition
| The organism learns to predict and expect stimuli after conditioning. it uses 'higher oder thinking' or preconceptions to form a sophisticated representation of its world (thus taste-food aversion and light/sound-electric shock associations) |
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| John Watson and Rosalie Rayner made loud crashing noise then presented a white lab rat to baby- classical conditioning of fear. |
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| The Law of Effect by Throndike |
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| responses followed by positive outcomes are repeated, whereas those followed by negative outcomes are not |
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| the process by which organisms learn to behave in ways that produce reinforcement. can be Positive or Negative |
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| in operant conditioning, any stimulus that increases the likelihood of a prior response |
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| in operant conditioning, any stimulus that decreases the likelihood of a prior response |
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| A procedure in which reinforcements are used to gradually guide an animal or person toward a specific behavior |
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| Schedules of reinforcement |
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Definition
Fixed-Interval (FI)
Variable-Interval (VI)
Fixed-Ratio (FR)
Variable-Ratio (VR) |
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| The delivery of reinforcement is at a fixed time, e.g FI-10 ie ten minutes between each release |
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| Significance of Little Albert's experiment |
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| Established the link between Pavolov's salivating dogs and the human experience- indicated tt humans fear objects or places due to aversive past experiences they are associated with. |
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| The delivery of reinforcement is at a random, averaged pattern |
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| A reinforcer is administered after a fixed number of responses e.g frequent flier programs, or free CD after 5th purchase |
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| The reinforcement appears after some average number of responses e.g. slot machines |
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| Partial-Reinforcement Effect |
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| The tendency for partial reinforcement to strengthen later resistance to extinction |
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| A stimulus that signals the availability of reinforcement |
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| the tendency for different organisms to revert to species-specific behavior despite reinforcement |
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| Learning tt occurs but is not echibited in performance till there is incentive to do so |
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| Learning that takes place when one observes and models behavior of others |
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1) Attention
2) Retention-recall of observation
3)Reproduction- motor ability to imitate
4)Motivation |
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| Bandura's study on observational learning |
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Definition
| Adult modeled aggressive behavior on a Bobo doll in front of children 3-6 years. Children exposed to model imitated behavior, but control children did not. the children acquired a whole repetoire of aggressive behavior through observation |
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| Information-processing model |
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Definition
A Model of memory in which information must pass through discrete staged via
1)Attention
2)Encoding
3)Storage in the brain
4)Retrieved at a later time |
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