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| Formed when youths develop a firm sense of who they are and what they stand for. |
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| Occurs when teens experience personal uncertainty, and they spread themselves too thin, and place themeselves at the mercy of leaders who give them the identity that they could not make on their own. |
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| Youth who are extremely vulnerable to crimie due to poverty, health problems, family problems, living conditions, inadequate education, accidents, suicides and homicides. |
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| Youths involved in multiple serious criminal act. |
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| A crime that if committed once a youth becomes an adult, would not be considered a crime. Smoking, drinking, enjoying South Park. |
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| The Child Savers were 19th century reformers who developed programs for troubled youth and took the first steps in creating the Juvenile Justice system. |
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| Role of Government when JJ started. |
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| Parens Patriae, look after the children that had no one to look after. |
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| Uniform Crime Report, optional survey that police agencies can submit. Most do. |
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| Human Error, Hierarchy Rule, Voluntary, Drug Crimes are NOT reported. |
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| National Crime Victimization Survey. Biannual survey, distributed randomly. Attempts to improve the dark figure of crime. It is consistent. |
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| Bias can occur, different interviewers get different results, subject to memory, only info from people over 12. |
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| Males will be arrested 2 times as often for property crimes. Property crimes peak at the age of 16. |
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| Males will be arrested 4 times as often for violent/serious crimes. Violent crimes peak at age 18. |
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| Holds that youths will engage in delinquent behavior after weighing the pros and cons. Delinquency is a rational choice that is committed by a motivated offender who thinks that the risk is outshined by the reward. |
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| Holds that youths engage in criminal behavior because their genetically disposed to crime. Delinquent actions are impulsive, they are not rational choices. |
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| Holds that youths make their personal choices based entirely on their whims. The environment is arbitrary, and unimportant. |
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| People weight the costs and benefits of their actions. |
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| Routine Activities Theory |
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| Holds that crime is a "normal" function of modern living. All that's needed for crime is a motivated offender, a suitable target, and a lack of proper guardians. |
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| Strategies aimed at making potential delinquents fear the consequences of their actions. The threat of punishment is meant to convince rational delinquents that crime does not pay. |
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| Punishing individual known delinquents so severely that they will never be tempted to repeat their offenses. |
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| Holds that the human personality is controlled by unconscious mental processes developed early in childhood. |
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| Explaining the existence of aggresion and violent behavior as positive adaptive behaviors in human evolution; these traits allowed their bearers to reproduce disproportionately, which has had an effect on the human gene pool. |
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| Suggested by Lombroso. The idea that delinquents manifest physical anomalies that make them biologically and physiologically similar to our primitive ancestors, savage throwbacks to an earlier stage of human evolution. |
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| The view that lower-class people from a separate culture will form values and norms which are sometimes in conflict with those of conventional society. This mistrust prevents members of the lower class from taking advantage of the meager opportunities available to them. |
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| Social Disorganization Theory |
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| Disorganized areas cannot exert social control over the criminal elements of the community. |
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| Delinquency is directly related to the strain of being locked out of the economic mainstream, which creates frustration and anger. |
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| Combines the elements of strain and social disorganization. According to this view, because of strain and isolation, a unique lower-class culture develops in disorganized neighborhoods. These independent subcultures maintain a unique set of values and beliefs that are in conflict with conventional social norms. |
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| All children are born "good", but learn delinquent behavior from close relationships with others. |
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| Maintains that everyone has the potential to become a delinquent but that most adolescents are controlled by their bonds to society. Delinquency occurs when the forces that bind adolescents to society are weakened or broken. |
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| Society reacts to deviance through social agencies that designate (labels) certain individuals as "delinquent" thereby stigmatizing these persons and encouraging them to accept this negative identity. Part of this suggestion is the notion of a self fulfilling prophecy. When a child is called bad, they may carry out that image or label. |
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Advocates of restorative justice argue for a justice police that repairs the garm caused by delinquency and that includes all parties who have suffered from that harm: the victim, the community, and the offender.
ยง Principles of RJ
□ Crime is an offense against human relationships
□ Victims and community are central to justice processes
□ The first priority of justice processes is to assist victims
□ The second priority is to restore the community, to the degree possible
□ The offender has personal responsibility to victims and the community |
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| Society is in a state of constant internal conflict, and focuses on the role of governmental and social institutions as mechanisms for social control. Those in Power define and carry out the justice system. |
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