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| The second wave of Jewish immigrants to the United States began in the nineteenth century among the Ashkenazi, Jews of eastern Europe who were fleeing persecution and pogrom |
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| boy’s ritual, at age 13, that moves him into full membership of the religious community and adulthood |
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| extension of bar mitzvah ritual to females by the Conservative and Reform Jewish communities |
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| ritual called Bris or Brit milah required for every male at 8 days old, when the child is circumcised and named |
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| a contract, usually with God |
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| Jews who were dispersed in the Roman Empire |
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| the sacred oral and written teachings that established the covenant with Israel |
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| the premodern Talmudic tradition; Jewish law |
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| a movement marked by piety, great devotion, and expression of great joy in response to God’s presence, which is found everywhere in creation |
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| “wrestler with God”; Jacob renamed by God |
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| Jewish mysticism, emerged in the late medieval period; defining work is the Zohar, Book of Splendor |
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| in Spain in the late 1400s, 13,000 Jews, most of whom had been forcibly baptized as Christians, were condemned as Marranos—Jews masquerading as Christians while practicing their Judaism in secret |
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| the writings that form the core of the Talmud, primarily written by students of Hillel |
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| the Judaism of the dual Torah under the leadership of the rabbis |
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| the first wave of Jewish immigrants to the United States, starting in 1654, were the Sephardic Jews, of Spanish or Portuguese extraction, seeking religious freedom |
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| Judaism’s creed that states, “Hear O Israel, the Lord our God, the Lord is one” |
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| the jewish place of worship, not a temple |
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| insights of the oral tradition written down, from second to fifth centuries, initiated by the Pharisees; emergence of Rabbinic Judaism |
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| Jewish Bible that came into existence at end of first century; called the Old Testament by Christians |
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| center of jewish culture and life until its destruction in 70 AD by the romans. |
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| the day of mourning for commemorating the historical tragedies of Judaism, especially the fall of the first and second temples |
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| Hasidic term for a righteous man |
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| the belief that Israel is a land left solely to the Jews, nationalistic |
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| the non-legalistic rabbinic texts especially in the Talmud. |
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