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| The first public demonstration of television, in the form of regularly scheduled two-hour broadcasts, was presented by _____________ at the 1939 World's Fair. |
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| Digital delivery of over-the-air television signals permits _________, sending different content |
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| As a result of the quiz show scandal, the networks changed the way they accepted sponsors' money, changing from single sponsorship for most programs to: |
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| The primary collector of television rations is a company known as |
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| Four times each year more detailed measuring of television audiences takes place, employing not only mechanical counting but home diaries. |
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| At cable's inception, the primary goal of most cable television operations was |
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Definition
| to improve the reception of distant signals |
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| Recording a television show on a home VCR or DVR for later viewing |
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| Fast-forwarding through commercials on a recorded television show is called: |
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| Sesame Street is produced by the |
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Definition
| Children's Television Workshop |
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| If your market has 100,000 television homes and 30,000 are tuned into your program, your rating |
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Term
| technology classified as a "telecommunications service" operates as a _____________—that is, it is required to carry the messages of others with no power to shape or restrict them. |
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Definition
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| The capacity of the wires or signals that bring video content into people's homes |
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| refers to granting equal carriage over phone and cable lines to all Web sites. |
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| Russian scientist- Nipkow disc- first working device for generating electric signals suitable for transmission of a scene that people could see |
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Vladimir Zworykin- first practical television camera
Then developed Kinescope at RCA- improved picture tube |
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Definition
-1952- 108 station broadcasting to 17 mill homes
-559 stations, 90% american households had tvs
-now 114.9 mill tvs in us households
-71% says its leading place where they get news |
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| Coaxial cable and microwave relay |
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| AT&T- for the distribution of tv programming summer of 1951 |
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Definition
| The 64,000$ question- fixed by advertisers to ensure desired outcomes |
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selling individual 60-second spots on a given program to a wide variety of advertisers
-reduced demand for quality or put the network became responsible for the show they aired |
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Definition
transformed tv
lucy had cuban(real) husband
-had the show edited then aired instead of aired live
-moved tv from ny to hollywood
saved money and time-stock shots |
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Definition
Copper-clad aluminum wire encased in plastic foam insulation, covered by an aluminum outer conductor, and then sheathed in plastic
allowed more of the original signal to pass and permitted a greater number of channels |
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Definition
| Audio and video transmitting in which super-high-frequency signals are sent from land-based point to land-based point |
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| Total Audience Measurement Index |
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Definition
| measure of all viewing of a single TV episode across all platforms |
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Term
| Community antenna television (CATV) |
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Definition
Outmoded name for early cable television
-created by John Walson |
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| Master antenna television (MATV) |
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Definition
| Connecting multiple sets in a single location or building to a single, master antenna |
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Definition
| 1962 law requiring all television sets imported into or manufactured in the United States to be equipped with both VHF and UHF recievers |
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Definition
| Centralized production, distribution, decision-making organization that links affiliates for the purpose of delivering their viewers to advertisers |
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Definition
programming produced specifically for sale into syndication on a market to market basis
-producers can keep 100%of profits |
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Definition
Broadcasting a syndicated television show at the same time 5 nights a week
Lots of episodes with no repeats and easy to promote (Friends) |
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Definition
-1972- launched Home Box Office(HBO)
premium cable offering high quality nationaly produced content |
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Definition
| transmission of signals by light beam over glass permitting the delivery of hundreds of channels |
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Term
| Cable TV consumer protection and competition |
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Definition
| requires operators to offer a truly basic service composed of the broadcast stations in their area and their channels |
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Term
| Multiple system operator (MSO) |
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Definition
A company owning several different cable television operations
Ex. Time Warner, Liberty, and Cablevision own Court TV |
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Definition
| legal designation allwoing a telecommunication service provider to maintain control over what passes over its lines |
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Definition
space on wires bringing content into people homes
-reason why tv on internet took a while to take off |
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Definition
| Brief video episodes of television programs created specifically for mobile screens |
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Definition
invented baffle ball-first mass-produced arcade game 1931
1947-humpty dumpty-sixflipper game pinball |
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Definition
Mit,wrote programs for fun on military computers
-steve russell made spacewar-complete game |
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Definition
univ of utah- created coinoperated version of spacewar=computer space
created ATARI in 1972
released Pong set off game revolution
marketed home pong from sears |
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Definition
crreated Odyssey
created most advanced tv for the time |
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Term
| LED (light-emitting diode) |
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Definition
| Light-emitting semiconductor manipulated under a display screen |
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Term
| LCD (liquid crystal display) |
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Definition
| Display surface in which electric currents of varying voltage are passed through liquid crystal, altering the passage of light through that crystal |
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Definition
| network connecting two or more computers, usually with in the same building |
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Definition
69% heads of household play video games
-average player is 35 |
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Term
| Massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMO) |
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Definition
| interactive online game where characters and actions are controlled but other player, not the computer |
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Definition
| Classic games most often played in spurts and accommodated by small screen devices |
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Definition
| An attribute of a Web site; indicates its ability to hold the attention of a user |
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Term
| hypercommercialism in V.G. |
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Definition
| half of computer games sold are falmily and strategy |
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Definition
advertising serves as in-game virtual currency
in exchange for watching a commercial players can obtain virtual goods |
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Definition
presidential campaigns supported by them
-obama race game
-Created by dr. ian bogost
inexpensive
-encourage voters to interact with the message |
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Definition
-13 and 11 year old set off fire alarms in middle school and shoot kids and teachers as they fled-played Golden-eye 007
-1999 columbine- the kids played Doom
-created a custo Doom to represent their shooting of classmates |
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Definition
rating system
87% of boys and girls playe M-rated games |
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Definition
-read only
-fueled by professionalism demands a certain respect-an authority
-critically important to spread culture and knowledge=copyright law in the arts
-controls artistic expression of quality assurance
-depends on content and consumer products economics value in an economy is generated by competition
-Form of education(Law)teaches responsibility as well as the subject
-jurors have power and responsibility that reaches beyond their lives, makes them think and act different |
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Term
| What does Lessig offer as the first difference between RO and RW cultures? |
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Definition
| RO emphasized learning, RW emphasizes speaking. |
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Term
| American copyright law regulates creative work produced by individuals for how long? |
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Definition
| life of the author plus 70 years |
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Term
| American copyright law regulates creative work produced by corporations for how long? |
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Definition
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Term
| What cultural practice does Lessig continually link RW culture to? |
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Definition
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Term
| According to the NPD Group, what portion of music acquired by college students was obtained illegally? |
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Definition
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Definition
-Read/Write
-fueled by both pros and amateurs
-asks more of and is involved w/ audience
changing the plot offering new picture or course |
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Term
| Two essential elements of all good definitions of public relations are communication and: |
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Definition
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Definition
| an event staged specifically to attract attention |
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Definition
| democratization of content production, user-generated content |
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Definition
content that becomes popular through prolific sharing
-can come from mass media,personal videos,remixes or parodies
-distributed through networks, not channels
-tends to be more democratic and is made possible by digital language |
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Definition
| a concept that spreads through the Internet and reaches world-wide popularity in a few days |
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Definition
| an alternate incorporation and reinterpretation of media content |
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Term
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Definition
| imitation for the purpose of critiquing, mocking or commenting upon a text |
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Term
| "A sucker is born every minute" was the public relations philosophy of what legendary PR practitioner? |
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Definition
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Term
| President Franklin D. Roosevelt made impressive use of which medium as a public relations tool to sell his New Deal directly to the people? |
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Definition
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Term
| As a result of the public's distrust of public relations, Congress passed the _____________ in 1946, requiring that those who deal with federal employees on behalf of private clients disclose those relationships. |
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Definition
| Federal regulation of lobbying act |
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Term
| Some public relations firms bill clients according to the performance of a specific set of services for a specific and prearranged fee, a method known as: |
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Definition
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Term
| Some public relations firms bill clients by adding a surcharge as high as 17.65% for such things as printing, research, and photographs, which are known as: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The public relations activity of getting media coverage for clients |
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Term
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Definition
| ________, outright lying or obfuscation, is antithetical to authentic communication and should be avoided by PR professionals, according to executive Roxanne Taylor. |
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Term
| Public relations firms with particular skill at countering the PR efforts of environmentalists are said to be good at: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| derogatory name given to pr people |
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Term
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Definition
-fake grassroots organization
-Get health reform right- group caught paying gamers virtual currency to send prewritten emails to congress |
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Definition
-ceasar telling roman empire acheivments to boost morale
-Gengis Khan sent people into the lines to frighten enemies |
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Definition
-an event staged specifically to attract public attention
-The Federalist Papers-john mays, james madison,alexander hamilton to sway public opinion to to support new constitution |
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Definition
| 1889- started the first corporate public relations department, to make sure their positions were always clear and in public eye |
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Definition
New York world reporter- p.r. genius, when railroad company had trouble he excorted press and made them look good
-colorado coal mine strike,handled press situation and convinced rockafeller to come and talk
- issued his Declaration of Principles |
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Term
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Definition
| in PR, any group of people with a stake in an organization, issue, or idea |
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Term
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Definition
| -public relations people help establish communication and advertising people implement them |
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Term
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Definition
-Exectutive-sets policy and serves as the spokesperson for the operation
-account executive-provide advice to client,defines problems and situations
-Creative specialists-writers,graphic designers,photographers
-media specialists-aware of rewuirement,preferences,limitations of media used to serve client |
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Term
| Sattelite delivered media tour |
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Definition
| spokespeople can be simultaneously interviewed by a worldwide audience connected to the on-screen interviewee via telephone |
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Definition
| in PR, directly interacting with elected officials or government regulator agents |
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Term
| Integrated marketing communications (IMC) |
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Definition
| Combining public relations, marketing, advertising, and promotion into a seamless communication campaign |
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Definition
father of public relations
demanded that the industry police itself |
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Definition
fake blog-sponsored by a company to anonymously boost itself or attach a competitor
sony did this |
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Term
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Definition
| PR professionals calling for full disclosure of their practices-transpareny |
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Term
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Definition
uses media to improve image or company or nonprofit
-(Advertising uses media to persuade or promote) |
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Term
| The First Amendment is based on the _____________ philosophy that people cannot govern themselves in a democracy unless they have access to the information they need for that governance. |
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Definition
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Term
| The _____________ principle is represented by the paired ideas that the free flow or trade of ideas ensures that public discourse will allow the truth to emerge and that truth will emerge from this public discourse because people are inherently rational and good. |
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Definition
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Term
| When discussing the First Amendment, Supreme Court Justice Hugo Black said, "No law means no law." He was expressing the _____________ position on the freedom of press and speech. |
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Definition
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Term
| Advertising, or commercial speech, enjoys First Amendment protection, as established by the Supreme Court in its 1942 _____________ decision. |
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Definition
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Term
| Because freedom of the press can be limited if the likely result is damaging, there is no absolute freedom of expression in the case of: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| in individual First Amendment cases, several factors should be weighed in determining how much freedom the press is granted. |
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Term
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Definition
| a cultures fundamental values |
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Term
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Definition
false publishes information about a person that damages his or her repuation
-not protected by first amendment |
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Term
| social responsibility theory |
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Definition
| The idea that media should be free of government control, but in exchange, media must serve the public is known as |
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Term
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Definition
| knowing the diff b/w what you have a right to do and what is right to do |
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Definition
7 student organizations campbell soup=pissed off conservative group AFA
-ran a ad in gay magazine"The advocate" |
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Term
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Definition
| -philosophy that people cant govern themselves in a democracy unless they have access to the information they need for that governance |
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Term
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Definition
| -John Milton-freeflow trade of ideas serves to ensure that public discourse will allow truth to emerge b/c people are inherently rational and good |
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Term
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Definition
| Hugo Black- freedom of speech means gov cant do anything to people for view they have or express |
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Term
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Definition
| -that the first amendment is amoung the fundamental personal rights and liberties pretected by the due process clause of the 14th amendment from impairment by states |
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Term
| ad-hoc balance of interests |
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Definition
-less than absolutist approach
-In individual First Amendment cases several factors should be weighed in determining how much freedom the press is granted |
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Term
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Definition
| Daniel Ellsburg gave copies to the Times |
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Term
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Definition
| -99% of complaints of indecency originate with the conservative Christian parents television council |
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Term
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Definition
| In broadcast regulation, the idea that the FCC, as a traffic cop, has the right to control not only the flow of broadcast traffic but its composition |
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Term
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Definition
| Required broadcasters to cover issues of public importance and to be fair in that coverage, and ascertainment,which required broadcasters to ascertain and affirmatively determine nature of audiences interest |
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Term
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Definition
| remains with creators for span of their lives plus 70 years after death |
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Term
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Definition
-limited noncommercial use(classroom use)
-use of limited portions of work
use doesnt decrease commercial value of original |
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Term
| Social responsibility theory |
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Definition
Asserts that media must remain free of government control, but in exchange media must serve the public
The core assumptions of this theory are a cross between libertarian principles of freedom and practial admission of the for some sense of control on the media |
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Term
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Definition
Explains how media should ideally operate in a given system of social values
It is the standard against which the public should judge the performance of the U.S. media. |
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Term
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Definition
Generalized theories, rules, and principles of ethical or moral behavior
The various media industry codes of ethics or standards or good practice are examples |
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Term
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Definition
| Legislation that expressly protects reporters' rights to maintain sources' confidentiality in courts of law, or court precedent upholding that right |
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Term
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Definition
media practitioners must apply both the big rules and the general guidelines to very specific situations
-allows privacy to be denied |
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Term
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Definition
| -reporters accepting military control over their output in exchange for close contact with troops |
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Term
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Definition
| reporters acting deferentially toward news sources in order to ensure continued access |
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Term
| Standards and Practices Departments |
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Definition
The internal content review operation of a television network
-Policy books- Local broadcasters
-Operating and editorial policies-newspapers&magazines |
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Term
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Definition
| Practitioners internal to the company who serves as "judges" in disputes between the public and the organization |
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Term
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Definition
Commercial promotion of good,services,corporations,groups,causes,ideas
-attribute advantage,authoritarian appeal,image/brand appeal,humor appeal, emotional appeal,sex appeal |
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Term
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Definition
| our susceptibility to marketing arises from our ignorance of its pervasiveness |
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Term
| Ambient advertising/360 marketing |
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Definition
ads in nontraditional settings
KFC paints firehydrants so they can put their label on it |
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Term
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Definition
| -refers to using Internet-created databases to collect names, addresses, e-mail addresses, and other information about likely clients or customers. |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to sophisticated, interactive Web advertising, usually employing sound and video. |
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Term
| Which company hired graffiti artists to paint ads on walls and buildings? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| -Common 15th-century European pin-up want ads for all sorts of products and services |
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Term
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Definition
| In the 15th century, European tradespeople promoted themselves with attractive, artful business cards |
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Term
| Advertising in the United States was a small business until the mid-1800s, when industrialization and _____________ combined to alter the social and cultural landscape, bringing about advertising's expansion. |
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Definition
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Term
| Advertising copywriter _____________ recognized in 1841 that there were merchants who needed to reach consumers other than their local newspaper readership. He contacted several Philadelphia newspapers and agreed to broker the sale of space between them and interested advertisers, thus inventing the advertising agency. |
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Definition
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Term
| With the rapid industrialization and improved transportation of the 1880s, more product producers were chasing the growing purchasing power of more consumers. As a result, they were forced to differentiate their products, resulting in the development of: |
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Definition
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Term
| The need to reach more consumers than local newspaper readership provided gave rise to the |
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Definition
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Term
| The average American child (2 to 11) sees how many television commercials a year? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-printed in England, the first newsbook containing ads
-1625 |
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Term
| Depression in advertising |
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Definition
Making direct claims why a consumer needed a product
-congress passed wheeler-lea act granting FTC extended powers to regulate advertising |
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Term
| Unique selling proposition |
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Definition
-highlighting aspect of a product that sets it apart from other brands in the same product category
-ability to demonstrate a product |
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Term
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Definition
| -culture in which personal worth and identity reside in the product we surround ourselves with |
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Term
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Definition
| measuring the effectiveness of advertising message by showing them to consumers |
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Term
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Definition
U2"rush-released"Vertigo on iTunes in 2004
-U2's new album,special edition iPod, and complete U2(iTunes) |
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Term
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Definition
| -advertising sold next to or in search results produced by users keyword searches |
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Term
|
Definition
| -sophisticated,interactive web advertising employing sound or video |
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Term
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Definition
1977 Star Wars hit theaters. George Lucas bought merchandising rights from 20th Century Fox. 1978 Star Wars figures made millions, toy companies scrambled to emulate
Marvel developed the characters, drew the packaging
-Toy commercials could only have 1/3 of content animated Marvel comics ads, a commercial for each issue Hasbro toy ads
Flow: Comic introduced characters, Hasbro created toy, Marvel Productions would incorporate into the cartoon This is why GIJoe is really a superhero narrative Movie removes certain characters and replaces with others
-Hasbro imports Microman (small toy objects that change into characters) and Diaclone toys (cars and planes that change into robots) from Japan
-Autobots: foreign cars Decepticons: American military planes |
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Term
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Definition
| using internet-created databases to collect names,addresses,emails,about likely clients or customers |
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Term
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Definition
| the effectiveness of a specific ad or campaign will be judged |
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Term
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Definition
| proactive consumers who reject most traditional advertising and use multiple sources(traditional media,internet,product-rating magazines)to negotiate price and other benefits |
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Term
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Definition
| -practice of appealing to audiences defined by varying personal and social characteristics like race/ethnicity,gender,economic level |
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Term
| Psychographic segmentation |
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Definition
| appealing to consumer groups with similar lifestyles,attitudes,values, and behavior patterns |
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Term
| There is an ad that says, driving a Volvo makes you four times safer in a head-on collision than any other vehicle on the road today thanks to Volvo's patented design. This is an example of what type of advertising message? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which type of advertising accounts for nearly 54.3% of all advertising dollars spent in the United States? |
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Definition
| direct market advertising |
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Term
|
Definition
| The codified social contract that defines the limits of behavior (society) |
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Term
|
Definition
| The rules of behavior or moral principles that guide our actions in given situations (individual or sub-group) |
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Term
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Definition
the oral or spoken defamation of a person’s character
-not protected by first amendment
-Statements contained in Web pages, chat rooms or discussion boards are considered published material and are subject to libel suits. |
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Term
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Definition
-Numerous organizations and media personalities publicly oppose the FCC’s weakening of the country’s media ownership rules
-American citizens are making their voices heard in far greater numbers to reclaim the airwaves
-The people have spoken against greater media concentration and for media reform |
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Term
| _____________ theory argues that reality is a social construction. |
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Definition
| Social construction of reality |
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Term
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Definition
1.media content has limited impact on audiences b/c its only make believe people know it isnt real
2.Media content has limited impact on audiences b.c it is only play or just entertainment
3.if media has any effects they arnt medias fault, media holds mirrow to society and reflect the status quo showing us&world as they already are
4.effect is only to reinforce preexisting values and beliefs, family church schools have much more influence |
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Term
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Definition
| children confront world through television before they know whats real or not |
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Term
| willingly suspend disbelief |
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Definition
| to enjoy what we consume, we we willingly accept as real what is put before us |
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Term
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Definition
-50%of families represented on tv are headed by married couples
-some thing over-represented and some under,but they disappear together |
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Term
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Definition
media have few direct effect at their personal level
-Media effects on individuals |
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Term
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Definition
| hidden important impact of media operates at cultural level |
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Term
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Definition
| -asks questions about the immediate observable influence of mass communication |
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Term
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Definition
-father of social science research
-believed in critical research asking larger question about what kind of notion we are building w/ kind of people we are becoming |
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Term
| mass communication theories |
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Definition
| explanations and predictions od social phenomena that attempt to relate mass communication to various aspects of our personal and cultural lives |
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Term
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Definition
| -idea that media are corrupting influences that undermine the social order and that average [ep[;e are defensless against their influence |
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Term
| Symbolic interaction theory |
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Definition
| theory argues that cultures give symbols meaning and then those symbols control behavior |
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Term
| The view of mass media as central to the maintenance of society over time and the representation of shared beliefs is the _____________ perspective |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| argues that when confronted by new or conflicting information people experience a kind of mental discomfort |
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Term
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Definition
| a theory that argues that media may not tell us what to think but tells us what to think about |
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Term
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Definition
-Melvin DeFleur&Sandra Ball-Rokeach
-massive power in media tying to audience member's dependence on media content |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that people learn through observation and applying it to mass media especially t.v. |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that media operates primarily to justify and support the status quo at the expense of ordinary people- is openly political and rooted to the neo-Marxist theory |
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Term
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Definition
idea that cultural symbols are learned through interaction and then mediate that interaction
-people give meanings to things, and that meaning controls their behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| idea that watching violence in the media reduces peoples innate aggressive drive |
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Term
| The emergence of cultural theory in mass communication signaled a return to: |
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Definition
| the belief in powerful media effects |
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Term
| The mass society theory idea that media are a dangerous drug, or a killing force that directly and immediately penetrates a person's system, is summed up in the: |
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Definition
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Term
| The era of the limited effects perspective on mass communication theory began with what famous media event? |
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Definition
| the Orson Wells radio production of "The War of the Worlds" |
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Term
| The theory that says media do not do things to people; rather, people do things with media is |
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Definition
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Term
| Modeling, according to social cognitive theory, occurs in two ways. They are |
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Definition
| imitation and identification |
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Term
| Different countries spend different amounts of money in support of noncommercial media. For example, annual government funding for noncommercial media in the United States amounts to $_____ per person. In Canada it is $22.48; in Slovenia, $51.57; in the United Kingdom, $80.36; in Denmark, $101.00; and in Finland, $101.01. |
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| A clandestine broadcast operation that operates outside the region into which it transmits |
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| Radio signals transmitted at high frequencies that can travel great distances by skipping off the ionosphere |
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| Ability of radio waves to reflect off the ionosphere |
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| Illegal or unlicensed broadcast operations frequently operated by revolutionary groups or intelligence agencies for political purposes |
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| Clandestine broadcast operations functioning from inside the regions to which they transmit |
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| Clandestine broadcasting operations functioning from outside regions to which they transmit |
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| Unlicensed or otherwise illegally operated broadcast stations |
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| In international broadcasting, a service designed by one country to counter enemy propaganda and dissemiate infromation about itself |
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| In international broadcasting, an operation established by one country to substitute for anothers' own domestic service |
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| Comparative analysis (studies) |
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| The study of different countries mass media systems |
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| of media systems; normative theory that combines libertarianism's' freedome with social responsability's demand for public service and where neccessary, regulation |
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| Limits on advertising and other public requirements requirements imposed on Britain's commercial broadcasters in exchange for the right to broadcast |
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| in Great Britain, an officially issued notice of prior restraint |
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| of media systems, government and media in partnership to ensure that media assist in the planned, beneficial development of the country |
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| Normative theory describing a system where media are used in the service of revolution |
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| A national media system characterized by authoritarian control |
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| The invasion of an indigenous people's culture, through mass media, by outside powerful countries |
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| The American broadcasting service established during World War II and the Cold War to deliver Department of Defense internal information, and radio and television programming services to overseas Department of Defense personnel and their families is: |
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| the Armed Forces Radio and Television Service |
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| The normative theory, the _____________ concept, is based on two realities of media operation: there is no completely free (libertarian) media system on Earth; and even in the most commercially driven systems, there exists not only the expectation of public service and responsibility, but also significant communication-related activities of government to ensure that media professionals meet those responsibilities. |
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| The normative theory that calls for the subjugation of media for the purpose of serving the government is the _____________concept. |
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| The study of different countries' mass media systems |
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| British law only recently permitted product placement in television shows, but still forbids it ___________. |
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| in childrens proggramming |
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| The Simpsons Movie premiered simultaneously in _____ countries and in __ languages. Its summer 2007 opening weekend box office in the U. S. was $72 million. Elsewhere, it topped $100 million. |
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| Which is the English-language version of the pan-Arab satellite news network that debuted worldwide in 2006? |
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| Cultural imperialism is achieved through the mass media in what way? |
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| people's cultures are changed by the influence of foreign media messages |
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| Proponents of the global village predict that |
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| the world community is coming closer together as a common culture. |
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