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| European region that became the new focus of trade |
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| Steady rise in prices linked to a sharp increase in the amount of money available |
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| Standard that allowed the use of money all throughout Europe |
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| Social group that the bankers and capitalists belonged to |
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| Money paid in return for a loan |
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| Italian ports that declined in importance as global trade spread |
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| Northern European ports that increased in importance as global trade grew |
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| Term for the economic developments of this first age of global trade |
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| the Commercial Revolution |
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| Person who owned an interest in a company |
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| a stockholder (or shareholder) |
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| Profit paid out for each share of stock |
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| Wealth earned, saved, and invested to produce profits |
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| Term for the new global exchange of people, plants, animals, ideas etc. |
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| Territories important to mercantilism |
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| Trade goods that colonies were to export to their parent country |
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| precious metals and/or raw materials |
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| Trade goods colonies were to import from the parent country |
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| Banking service that developed as a safeguard for merchants |
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| banks of deposit (or bills of exchange) |
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| Nationality that replaced the Italians as the bankers of Europe |
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| Economic policy based on the concept that a country's power depends mainly on its wealth |
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| Company in which people pooled large amounts of money to carry out a business venture |
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| Outstanding scientist, and artist, of the Renaissance |
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| Instrument invented by Galileo to confirm his ideas |
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| Newton's theory explaining the force that holds the universe together |
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| the law of gravity (or universal gravitation) |
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| Systematic way of investigating a problem in science |
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| U.S. scientist famed for his electrical experiment involving lightning and a kite |
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| Polish astronomer of the 1500s who revived the sun-centered model of the universe |
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| Italian astronomer who showed that the sun-centered theory was correct |
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| Internal body system first described accurately by British physician William Harvey |
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| New life-forms discovered by van Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch scientist |
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| bacteria (microscopic life) |
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| Airlike substances discovered by Joseph Black |
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| Basic element of air discovered by both Lavoisier and Priestly |
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| Dutch eyeglass-maker's new instrument that revealed the existence of "invisible" things |
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| Fahrenheit and Celsius both developed a scale for reading this new temperature-measurer. |
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| Method developed by British physician Edward Jenner to prevent smallpox |
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| Great English scientist who studied the laws of motion |
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| English "father of modern chemistry" |
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| System of identifying and naming living things developed by Linnaeus |
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| Pioneer in the study of anatomy |
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| Theory that the sun was the center of the universe |
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| French physician who developed improved treatment to prevent infection |
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| What thinkers sought to be enlightened about |
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| Another term for the Enlightenment |
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| Law that governed human nature, to Enlightenment thinkers |
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| International language of the Enlightenment |
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| Scotsman who studied the source of nations' wealth |
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| Enlightenment thinkers favored these over human justice. |
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| the natural laws of justice |
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| The belief that logical thinking would discover the truth |
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| Major focus of medieval thought that the Enlightenment turned away from |
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| The source of human corruption, according to Rousseau |
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| Monumental summary of French Enlightenment ideas, compiled by Diderot |
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| the Encyclopédie (The Encyclopedia) |
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| Source of natural wealth, according to the Physiocrats |
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| "Hands-off" economic system promoted by Adam Smith |
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| Educational subjects favored by Enlightenment thinkers |
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| science, modern languages, and modern history |
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| English poet who was a strong advocate of the Enlightenment |
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| Term for French thinkers of the Enlightenment |
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| Condition of the newborn mind, according to Locke |
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| a tabula rasa (blank slate) |
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| Fashionable French gatherings for intellectual conversation |
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| French thinker who stressed logic and reason to achieve scientific knowledge |
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| British thinker who stressed experiements and observation to achieve scientific knowledge |
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| Agreement between the people and their chosen leader |
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| Rights no one could justifiably take from the people |
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| the rights of life, liberty, and property |
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| Freedoms advocated by Voltaire |
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| free speech, press, and religion |
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| Revolutions of the 1700s influenced by Enlightenment ideas |
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| the French and American Revolutions |
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| Key U.S. documents heavily influenced by Enlightenment ideas |
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| the U.S. Constitution and Declaration of Independence |
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| French writer whose ideas inspired the French revolutionaries |
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| English political thinker who justified the overthrow of Britain's king |
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| English philosopher who first proposed a "social contract" |
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| Primary concern of Enlightenment political thinkers |
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| how people should be governed |
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| Condition in which people lived before organizing society |
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| anarchy, or a state of nature |
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| The most nearly perfect existing government, according to Montesquieu |
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| Division among government branches admired by Montesquieu |
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| Limitations created by division of governmental powers |
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| Development of this type of monarchy was influenced by Montesquieu. |
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| Supreme power in politics, according to Rousseau |
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| the people's will (or the general will) |
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| Free choice of the people in government |
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| Term for rulers who supported the Enlightenment |
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| French document of 1789 strongly influenced by Enlightenment ideas |
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| the Declaration of the Rights of Man |
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