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| Vast desert that separates northern and southern Africa |
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| Term for Africa south of the Sahara |
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| Sea that borders northern Africa |
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| Body of water that borders western Africa |
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| Densely wooded region that receives enormous amounts of rain |
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| Inhospitable environment that makes up about 40 percent of the African continent |
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| Location of earliest, and great, civilization of Africa |
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| Region of Africa between the Sahara and the tropical rain forest |
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| Desert of southern Africa |
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| Major river of western Africa |
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| Major river of central Africa |
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| Mali trading city, center of Muslim learning |
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| Ocean that borders eastern Africa |
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| Enormous lake named by Europeans for a British monarch |
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| Eastern boundary of the Sahara Desert |
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| Long, deep gash in the earth in eastern Africa where the first humans appeared |
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| Major river of southern Africa |
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| Lake on the eastern edge of western Africa |
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| Large, elongated lake in eastern Africa |
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| Savanna region that borders the southern edge of the Sahara Desert |
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| Precious metal mined in western Africa's forested regions |
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| Commodity that Arab merchants brought to the African kingdoms from the Sahara |
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| Religion brought to Africa by Arab traders |
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| Family members venerated by most traditional African societies |
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| Trade item derived from elephants that was much in demand |
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| Pack animals that made cross-Sahara caravans possible |
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| Widespread activity that created a rich mix of cultures in Africa |
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| The language of trade and business in western Africa |
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| Bantu language with many Arabic words |
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| Rock buildings carved in Ethiopia in the early 1200s |
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| Widespread African religious belief centered around spirits in daily life |
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| Basis of the Nubian written language |
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| Religion of the ancient kingdom of Aksum and of modern-day Ethiopia |
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| Group of families that claimed a common ancestor |
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| Beautiful multi-colored fabric worn by Ashanti kings and chiefs |
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| Common African currency that came from the sea |
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| Art form that was a specialty of Benin artists |
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| bronze and/or brass sculpture |
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| West African storytellers who passed on a society's oral history |
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| Ancient culture of northern Nigeria that smelted iron and produced a distinctive sculpture |
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| Term for the continuing spread of the Sahara |
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| Original inhabitants of North Africa, fiercely independent desert dwellers |
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| West African farmers and herders - spread widely S and E between 500 B.C.E. and C.E. 1500 |
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| Great Mali ruler who gave away vast amounts of gold on his hajj to Mecca |
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| Muslim rulers of East African city-states |
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| Mali's first great ruler, who ousted the ruler who had killed all his brothers |
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| N. African traveler/historian - wrote in detail about his journeys through Islamic Africa (1300s) |
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| People who developed city-states with clay-walled capital cities |
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| People who called their ruler ghana, or war chief |
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| City-state dwellers whose chiefs all traced their descent from the first ruler of Ife |
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| First great ruler of Songhai, who established the empire |
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| Second great ruler of Songhai, a Muslim who ruled during the 1500s |
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| Spanish Muslim architect who introduced Arabic styles to Mali |
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| Powerful king of Aksum who conquered Kush and converted to Christianity |
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| King of Kush who founded Egypt's twenty-fifth dynasty |
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| People who lived a stateless society from the ninth through the nineteenth centuries |
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| the Igbo, Efe, San, Tiv, and Nuer |
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| Queen of the Hausa city-state of Zazzau (Zaria) renowned for her military conquests |
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| Ethiopian king who had Christian churches carved downward into mountains |
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| Muslim scholar known in the West as Leo Africanus |
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| Two groups of N. African Berber Muslim reformers - established dynasties in the 11th/12th cent. |
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| the Almoravids and the Almohads |
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| Region south of Egypt along the upper Nile River |
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| Ancient kingdom of Nubia, which conquered Egypt |
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| Mali trading city, center of Muslim learning |
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| This kingdom's Red Sea port city was Adulis. |
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| Present-day state where the ancient kingdom of Nubia was located |
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| Nation ruled by Nubians at times |
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| North African country that conquered the Songhai Empire |
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| Earliest kingdom of the western Sudan, it flourished from the 700s to the mid-1000s. |
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| Kingdom that controlled much of western African from the 1200s until about 1500 |
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| Capital of Morocco under Berber Muslim dynasties |
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| Kingdom that flourished around 1500 in present-day Zaire |
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| Impressive 60-acre stone city in southern Africa abandoned by 1450 |
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| Ancient city in West Africa near the Niger River, at least as old as 250 B.C.E. |
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| West African empire that flourished in the 1400s and 1500s, overthrown by Moroccans in 1591 |
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| Rain-forest kingdom of the Guinea coast - flourishing when the Portuguese arrived in 1483 |
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| Beautiful, wealthiest, and most powerful city-state of East Africa from the 1200s to the 1400s |
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| Saharan village where houses were made from salt blocks |
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| Prosperous capital city of the kingdom of Songhai |
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| Capital of wealthy kingdom of Ghana in the mid-1000s |
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| Second capital of Kush, an iron-making center |
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