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| Peninsula on which the early Arabs lived |
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| Climate of the early Arabs' homeland |
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| Christians' term for the Muslim people who conquered Spain |
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| Major occupation of Arabian nomads |
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| City to which Muhammad fled and established his leadership |
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| City captured by Muhammad that became the center of Islam |
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| Body of water on the west coast of Arabia |
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| Continent whose northern border was conquered by the Arabs |
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| Western European country that became part of the Arab Empire |
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| Empire to the east of Arabia taken over by the Arabs |
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| Empire to the north of the Arab Empire extending from Asia Minor into Europe |
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| Near Eastern countries to the north of Arabia taken over by the Arab Empire |
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| African country to the west of Arabia that became part of the Arab Empire |
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| River on which Baghdad was built |
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| Wealthy businesswoman who married Muhammad |
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| Original name of the city of Medina |
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| New capital of the Umayyad caliphs, in Syria |
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| New capital built by the Abbasid caliphs |
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| Spanish cities that were centers of learning under the Arabs |
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| Founder of the Arab Empire |
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| How the Arabs treated people they conquered |
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| Official language of the Arab Empire |
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| Term for a successor of Muhammad |
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| The first 100 years in power of the Abbasids, 750-850 |
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| Muhammad's early profession |
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Definition
| a camel driver (or caravan trader) |
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| Method of choosing the first caliphs |
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| How the title of caliph was passed on after the early caliphs |
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| Source of income for the Arab Empire |
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| Battle in which the Arabs were turned back from their invasion of Europe |
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| Muhammad's daughter, who established her own dynasty in North Africa and western Arabia |
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| Muhammad's loyal friend, follower, and first successor |
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| Muhammad's son-in-law, the last of the Rightly Guided Caliphs |
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| Muhammad's flight from Mecca to Medina in 622 |
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| Dynasty that ruled as hereditary caliphs for 90 years |
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| Group of Muslims who favored caliphs chosen only from Muhammad's own family |
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| Group of Muslims who favored electing any eligible, pious Muslim as caliph |
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| Group that defeated the Umayyads to rule the empire |
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| Term for the three parts of the later empire |
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| Muslim body of law, incorporating religious, criminal, and civil matters |
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| Type of mathematics invented by Muslim scholars |
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| Type of numbers introduced to Europeans by Arab mathematicians |
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| Health-care field in which Arabs excelled |
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| Things that could not be pictured by Islamic artists |
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| Artistic use of flowing Arabic script |
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| Muslim scientists who tried to turn tin and lead into silver and gold |
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| Muslim scientists who gave many stars their names |
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| Muslim scientists who determined the earth might be round |
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| Popular collection of Persian tales |
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Definition
| The Thousand and One Nights (The Arabian Nights) |
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| European country that became a point of contact for Europeans and Muslim culture |
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| Events that brought Europeans into contact with Muslim culture |
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| Slender towers built next to mosques |
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| Navigation instrument perfected by Muslim scientists |
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| Arab encyclopedia of medicine used in European medical schools for 500 years |
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| Famed Persian scholar, astronomer, and poet, author of the Rubaiyat |
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| Great physician and author of collection of medical knowledge |
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| Weapons from Damascus that became world famous |
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| Revered Muslim shrine in Jerusalem built in the 600s using Byzantine domes and arches |
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| Library, academy, and translation center in Baghdad, a center for scholars |
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| Muslim book of scriptures, the sacred word of God as revealed to Muhammad |
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| a prophet (the last and greatest) |
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| Food forbidden to Muslims |
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| Beverage forbidden to Muslims |
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Definition
| liquor (alcoholic beverages) |
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| Number of times per day Muslims must pray |
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| Position in which Muslims must pray |
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| Muslims must do this for the needy. |
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| What Muslims must do during the daylight hours of the holy month |
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| Men learned in Islamic faith and law |
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| Muhammad believed Allah was the same god that these two religious groups worshipped. |
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| Heavenly creature whose voice spoke to Muhammad |
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| Holy shrine of Mecca that contains a sacred cubelike black structure |
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| What the word Islam means |
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| Islamic creed that Muslims must recite |
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| "There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is his prophet." |
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| Meaning of the word Muslim |
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| Event that marks the first year of the Muslim calendar |
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