• Components: oral cavity, tongue, teeth, pharynx, esophagus, small intestine, large intestine, saliva, stomach, liver, pancreas, rectum NEED FUNCTIONS

•  Functions: Ingestion, Digestion, Mechanical processing, Secretion, Absorption, Excretion

tiny muscle to create local peristalsis

in lamina propria

Amylase  - will be decreased

PERISTALSIS - is the rhythmic contraction of smooth muscles to propels contents through the digestive tract 

SEGMENTATION - does not follow a pattern.  Mixing of contents, does not push materials in any direction

7. Esophagus: lining, muscle, and function.

• LINING : Non Keratinized stratified squamous Epithelium
• MUSCLE: Upper skeletal muscle Middle: Smooth and skeletal Lower: Smooth
• FUNCTION: Swallowing

• Sensory analysis
• Mechanical processing
• lubrication (saliva)
• LIMITED DIGESTION OF CARBOHYDRATES AND LIPIDS - no absorption except lipid-soluble drugs.

• soft palate: up
• esophageal sphincter: open
• larynx: up
• epiglottis: closed

• lubricating
• moistening dissolving chemicals
• INITIATING the DIGESTION of Carbohydrate and lipids by lingual amylase and lipase.

Storage and Mechanical breakdown of ingested food.

Disruption of chemical bonds.

Release intrinsic factor.

Chyme=ingested food + glandular secretions

• parietal cells: Hydrochloric Acid
• Chief cells: PEPSINOGEN (enzymes)
• G Cells: GASTRIN (hormones)

Shallow depressions that open onto the gastric surface.

That allows acid out.

lymphatic capillary in each villi

(nerve ending in the submucosa) ----------- A lacteal is a lymphatic capillary that absorbs dietary fats in the villi of the small intestine.

Plicae: to increase surface area

Intestinal Villi: enhance absorption and compress the lacteals.

Secretin: increase bile secretion, decrease gastric motility (reduces hunger).

Metabolic Regulation and Hematological regulation.

Basic functional unit = lobule

1. Hepatic portal vein

2. Hepatic artery branch

3. Small branch of bile duct

Inactive enzymes in the pancreas to digest protein only.

They catalyze protein only

Water absorption

Absorption of Vitamins produced by bacteria

Fecal storage

3 separate longitudinal bands of smooth muscle

1.Facilitate Diffusion

2. Co-Transport

3.Active Transport

4.Counter Transport

5. Simple Diffusion

oral cavity

Stretch receptors: 

External anal sphincter: 

Internal anal sphincter:

- the anaerobic cytoplasmic breakdown of glucose into lactic acid by way of pyruvic acid, with a net gain of 2ATP molecules

- gives carbon dioxide / molecule of citric acid

Lypolosis is the breaking down of lipids to fatty acids and glycerol

LIPOGENESIS begins with the formation of lipids.

• oxidation at second position of carbon chain
• occurs in mitochondria
• requires CoA, NAD, FAD
• Breaks down fatty acid to 2 carbons that enter into TCA cycle
• Provides lipids to yield more ATP

• VLDL = Very Low from the liver
• HDL = high cholesterol - Transport cholesterol from blood to liver for storage or excretion in the bile.
• LDL = low - cholresteral 95%

Transamination:  removal of an amion group of an AA by an enzyme (deaminase) and attachment of this amino group to a keto acid.

Deeamination:  removal of an amino group and a hydrogen atom to form a keto acid and ammonium (NH4+) or ammonia (NH3)

48. Compare ABSORPTIVE / POST - ABSORPTIVE STATE:

1. glucogenesis (formation of gycogen)
2. Gluconeogenesis (formation of Glucose)
3. Glucagon ?or ?
4. Glucagon ?or ?

Gain = Loss (????)

BMR=Basal Metaolic Rate.

Factors that affect BMR:

• Age
• Gender
• physical conditions
• body weight
• genetic differences

The breaking down of protein is not practical because:

• It's Difficult to break
• The end products are toxic
• Provide less energy than lipid
• breakdown protein will affect homeostsis (Destroys structure proteins)

53.) Function of the Urinary System

• Regulation:  BV, BP, Plasma protein, electrolytes:  Na++, K+, Ca++ (synthesis calcitriol)
• Stabilizing pH by controlling H+ and HCo3- lossin in urine
• Conservation of nutrients by preventing their secretions in urine
• Excreting organic waste products
• Detoxifying of poisons, drugs....
• Deamination of Amino acids

conical shapes in the Renal Medulla (contains about 6-18)

HAPPY?

• Bowman's capsule
• Glomerulus

1. REABSORPTION
2. Activereabsorption of Ions
3. Reabsorption of H20 by Osmosis (due to low solutes in tubular fluid)
4. Passive reabsorption of ions
   

The main function of this structure is to reabsorb water and ions from the urine.

The turn of renal tubule toward the renal medulla

67. What process of transport used by renal tubules to move accross the membrane of:

a.) Glucose and Amino Acid (High concentration in the filtrate)

67B. What process of transport used by renal tubules to move accross the membrane of:

b.) Glucose and Amino Acid (LOW concentration in the filtrate)

67C. What process of transport used by renal tubules to move accross the membrane of:

c.) Chloride and Hydrogen Ions

Countertransport

67D. What process of transport used by renal tubules to move accross the membrane of:

D.) Sodium / Potassium

Sodium - Active transport

the plasma concentration/LIMIT the tubule can absorb

the production of excessive amounts of urine.

Bonus Card #1

When the stomach is empty, the mucosa is thrown into folds called

Bonus Card #2

The cephalic phase of gastric activity is directed by

Bonus Card #3

The intestinal phase

Bonus #4

The first section of the small intestine is called the...

Bonus #5

The duodenum differs from the rest of the small intestine in that its submucosa contains many __________ that secrete mucus.

Bonus#6

The gastroenteric reflex stimulates motility

Bonus #7

The jejunum