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| Good morning/Hello (formal) |
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| goodbye. (shitsuree shimasu) |
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| See you later. (jaa mata) |
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| Thank You (arigato gozaimasu) |
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| You are welcome. (do o i ta shi ma shi te) |
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| I am sorry, excuse me. (su mi ma se n) |
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| Please listen (ki i te-ku da sa i) |
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| Please look (mi te-ku da sa i) |
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| Please write (ka i te-ku da sa i) |
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| Please read. (yo n de-ku da sa i) |
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| Please say it/repeat after me (i i te-kudasai) |
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| Please say it again. (mu e i chi do-i i te-kudasai) |
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| Do you understand (it)? (wa ka ri ma shi ta ka) |
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| Yes, I understand (it). (hai, wakarimashita) |
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| No, I don't understand (it). (iie, wakarimasen) |
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| Please say it again. (mo u-i chi do-a wa ga i shi ma su.) |
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| Please say it slowly. mu u-sukoshi-yu u ko ri-o ne ga i shi ma su.) |
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| Okay (ha i, wa ka ri ma shi ta) |
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| What do you call this in Japanese? (ko re ha-nihongo de-nanto-iimasuka) |
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| What do you call that in Japanese? (so re ha-nihongode-nanto-iimasuka.) |
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| What do you call that (over there) in Japanese? (a re ha-nihongode-nanto-i i ma su ka.) |
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| How do you say ~ in Japanese? (~ha-nihongode-nanto-i i ma su ka.) |
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| What does ~ mean? (~tsu te-nandesuka.) |
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| The most common and movable type of joint which is characterized by the presence of a layer of fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage that lines the opposing bony surfaces, as well as a lubricating synovial fluid within the synovial cavity. |
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| Osteophytes/Osteophytosis |
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| a pathological bony outgrowth |
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| a diseased condition in which bone or cartilage is eburnated (bone is converted into a dense smooth substance resembling ivory) |
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| Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) |
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| the diarthrosis between the temporal bone and mandible that includes the condyloid process below separated by an articular disk from the glenoid fossa above and that allows for the opening, closing, protrusion, retraction, and lateral movement of the mandible |
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| Osteoarthritis/Degenerative Joint Disease (DJD) |
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| arthritis typically with onset during middle or old age that is characterized by degenerative and sometimes hypertrophic changes in the bone and cartilage of one or more joints and a progressive wearing down of apposing joint surfaces with consequent distortion of joint position and is marked symptomatically especially by pain, swelling, and stiffness |
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| any of various degenerative diseases of the spine |
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| Intervertebral Disk Hernia |
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| intervertebral disk in which the nucleus pulposus has protruded through surrounding fibrocartilage. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region. |
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a spinal defect characterized by protrusion of the nucleus pulposus into the spongiosa of a vertebra
Schmorl, Christian Georg (1861-1932), German pathologist. Schmorl described the spinal defect now known as Schmorl's node in 1926. |
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| dissolution of bone especially when associated with resorption |
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| Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis (DISH) |
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| A generalized spinal and extraspinal articular disorder characterized by calcification and ossification of ligaments, particularly of the anterior longitudinal ligament |
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| Dripping Candle Wax (melorheostosis) |
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| an extremely rare form of osteosclerosis of unknown etiology characterized by asymmetrical or local enlargement and sclerotic changes in the long bones of one extremity |
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| disorder of the muscular or tendinous attachment to bone. |
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| a bony growth attached to a ligament. It is found between adjacent vertebrae in ankylosing spondylitis. |
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| an elastic pulpy mass lying in the center of each intervertebral fibrocartilage and regarded as a remnant of the notochord |
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| Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) |
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| a usually chronic disease that is considered an autoimmune disease and is characterized especially by pain, stiffness, inflammation, swelling, and sometimes destruction of joints |
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| inflammation of a synovial membrane usually with pain and swelling of the joint |
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| productive of or effecting lysis (as of cells) |
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| Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) |
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| Rheumatiod arthritis of the spine. |
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| A ring of fibrous or fibrocartilaginous tissue (as of an intervertebral disk). |
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| an outgrowth or enlargement: as a : a natural and normal appendage or development b : an abnormal outgrowth |
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| a spinal column in the advanced stage of ankylosing spondylitis especially as observed in an X-ray with ossified layers at the margins of the vertebrae giving the whole an appearance of a stick of bamboo |
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| may be caused by trauma that penetrates the joint capsule, introducing infectious agents and resulting in an infectious arthritis, or injures articular cartilage or soft tissues supporting the joint. |
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| the action or process of resorbing something |
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| The state of being in juxtaposition or proximity (as in drawing together of cut edges of tissue in healing) |
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1 : concerned with the production of blood or of one or more of its constituents (hematogenous functions of the liver)
2 : taking place or spread by way of the blood (a hematogenous route of infection) (hematogenous tuberculosis) |
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| exuded matter; especially : the material composed of serum, fibrin, and white blood cells that escapes from blood vessels into a superficial lesion or area of inflammation |
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| Localized collection of pus surrounded by inflamed tissue. |
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| an abnormal passage that leads from an abscess or hollow organ or part to the body surface or from one hollow organ or part to another and that may be surgically created to permit passage of fluids or secretions |
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| a passage in a bone leading to a cavity containing a sequestrum |
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| a metabolic disease marked by a painful inflammation of the joints, deposits of urates in and around the joints, and usually an excessive amount of uric acid in the blood |
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| a formation of new bone about a sequestrum (as in osteomyelitis) |
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| a fragment of dead bone detached from adjoining sound bone |
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| an infectious usually painful inflammatory disease of bone that is often of bacterial origin and may result in death of bone tissue |
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| excessive development of an organ or part; specifically : increase in bulk (as by thickening of muscle fibers) without multiplication of parts |
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