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| The scientific study of the sounds produced in a given language |
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| The study of the combinations of stems and affixes to make words |
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| The study of sentence order |
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| The study of words, word meaning, and word history |
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A language whose understanding comes from word order. Also known as syntactic.
Example: English |
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A language whose understanding comes from word inflections indicating gender, tense,or quantity. Also known as Inflectional language.
Example: Spanish and Latin |
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A created or constructed language that was not naturally derived from a parent language.
Example: Esperanto |
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| How do linguists know about PIE? |
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| Historical reconstruction using clues and commonalities between similar languages. |
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| The branch of the Germanic group of PIE that English belongs, including German and Dutch. |
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| The subdivision of the Germanic branch of PIE languages consisting of Danish, Swedish, Norwegian and Old Norse. |
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| The now extinct branch of Germanic branch of PIE that included Gothic. |
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Christianization begins
First Period of borrowing from Latin
450 loan words |
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Treaty of Wedmore establishes Danelaw
More and 1000 words added |
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| Oldest copy of Beowulf on record |
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| Sounds added in Old English |
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| The change affecting the pronunciation of vowels, simplifying the complex stream of dipthongs into the more recognizable vowels we have today. |
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| The quality of the language that has with few exceptions the first syllable of a given word stressed. |
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| Inflecting nouns to add tense, gender, numbers or conjugating verbs to add tense, aspect or mood. |
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| Creating a new word with a new meaning by placing two words together. Wait+list=waitlist |
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| Forming different words by adding new morphemes to existing words. Waitlist becomes waitlisted, waitlister, waitlistee |
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| Primary source of Old English Data |
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Invasion of the Normons
adds 10,000 French words
brings about feudalism |
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100 years war
Brings end to french rule |
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| Sounds added in Middle English |
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| Biggest change in middle English phonology |
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| Reduction and Loss of Inflectional Suffixes |
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| Biggest change in middle English morphology |
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| The loss of inflectional morphology |
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| auxiliary verb added in middle English that act as both verbs and modal verbs. |
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| Middle English addition where nouns were used to modify nouns. Apple+Tree=Appletree |
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Creation of the Printing press
The London dialect becomes standard |
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| Shakespeare is the most renowned author |
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| Sounds added in Early Modern English |
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| Early Modern English shift in language that changed the pronunciation of long vowels |
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| Biggest change in early modern english syntax |
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The Rigid subject verb object form sets
Other phrase structures set |
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| Words from Greek and Latin borrowed through literature in Early Modern English thanks to the printing press |
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| Using a word from one part of speech as another part of speech. I am an adult. I will adult. |
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| Country's that natively speak English as the primary language. UK, US, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, South Africa |
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| Ending a past tense word with -ed |
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| A contact language formed when two languages meet. |
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| When a pigeon language becomes the first and native language of a new generation. |
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