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| First system of government established in Islam and represented the political unity of the Muslim Ummah. |
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| Founder of Umayyad dynasty who moved the capital to Damascus. Transformed the Caliphate into a dynasty. |
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| Son of Mu'awiyya. Presided over the Umayyad dynasty over the second fitna (civil war) because some people (Ali, etc...) didn't want him as Caliph. |
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| Forces of Ali and Aisha battle in Basra, Iraq over just compensation for the assassination of Uthman, the third Caliph. 656 CE. |
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| Occurred during the first fitna. Between Ali and Mu'awiyya over the murder of Uthman. Ali had become Caliph but was not accepted by many because he declined to punish Uthman's assassins. Mu'awiyya was a kinsmen of Uthman. |
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| Battle between Ali and the Kharijites. Ali is assassinated. |
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| Battle commemmorated by the Shia Muslim community by the celebration of Ashura. During the second fitna, Husayn b. Ali, is martyred with his followers in Karbala, Iraq. |
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| Begins with Uthman's death and ends with the Umayyad takeover of the Caliphate when Mu'awiyya moves the capital to Damascus. Period of fighting, civil war. |
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| Begins with b. Ali and al-Zubayr refuse to pledge allegience to Mu'awiyya's son, Yazid and ends with the death of al Zubayr in 692. |
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| After the death of Ali, this man returned to the Hejaz and declared himself the righteous Caliph. He was killed in 692. |
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| Founder of Hanafi madhab. |
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| Founder of Maliki madhab. |
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| Muhammad b. Idris al Shafi'i |
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| Founder of Shafi'i Madhab. |
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| Founder of Hanbali madhab (unintentional). Answered that the Quran was uncreated. |
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| Question Abassid Caliph al-Ma'mun asked whether or not the Quran was a created text. The only to answer that the Quran was uncreated was Hanbal, who was subsequently punished. |
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| Abbasid Caliph who posed the question of the Minha. |
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| Sunni Muslim author in fiqh and hadith. Authoritative of the Shafi'i madhab. |
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| Associated with the Nation of Islam and a civil rights leader in the US. |
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| Islamic law, path to refreshment |
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| law of ritual between people and Allah |
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| adherence to authoritative precedence |
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| independent legal reasoning |
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| innovation, a bad connotation |
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| strictly polytheism or worship or praise of anything other than Allah |
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| Major topics of dispute in Kalam |
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| freedom of will/faith and works/attributes of Allah/leadership of the umma |
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| Well known Sunni preacher, theologian who was born to Persian parents. |
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| Assert that, because of the perfect unity and eternal nature of God, the Quran must have been created, as it could not be co-eternal with God. |
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| Founder of the Mu'tazilites |
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| Known for defending hadith based doctrines with theological reasoning. |
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| Theologian who said the Quran resembled God's speech, but was not itself identical to God's speech and not eternal. |
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| Theologian who said the Quran was not eternal because only God is eternal, his tawhid. |
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| Sharia scholar and Sufi Philosopher purported to have been initiated to Sufism by al Khidr. |
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| Sufi arrested in 904 for claiming divinity and executed in 922 for ruling on the Hajj |
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| Wrote deliverance from error. |
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| Used poetry to express oneness with God, criticized by some for using forbidden drunken imagery in poetry. |
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| Formed after the Battle of Siffin. Those against arbitration between Mu'awiyya and Ali broke off to become seceders, citing the Quran as a reason for doing so. |
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| Different from Sunni and Shia traditions. Largest populations in Oman and Zanzibar. |
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| believe Ali and his descendents should have been the Caliphs. Had a line of Imams and traditions such as the Twelvers, Seveners, and Zaydis. Large populations can be found in Iran and some Gulf States. |
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| People of the house. Significant to Shia groups. Ali, Fatimah, Muhammad, Hasan, Husayn. |
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| Hadith report that assert Muhammad meant to leave the Caliphate to Ali, Pointed to by Shia groups. |
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| Shia concept that states divinely guided Imams must lead the ummah and be descendents of the ahl al bayt. |
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| a small piece of clay optionally used by Shia during prayer...you touch your forehead to it. |
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| Son of Fatimah and Ali. Martyr in the Shia tradition at the Battle of Karbala. |
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| Shia hoiday commemorating the martyrdom of Husayn b. Ali and his followers. |
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| Founder of twelver shiism. Respected by Sunni authorities. |
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| Last of the Imams (Twelvers) |
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| 941-present. Shia expect the return of another Imam with Jesus. |
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| Practice in the Shia religion where a Shia may decide to conceal their true religion when threatened, persecuted, or put under compulsion. |
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| Turkish empire inspired and sustained by Islam and Islamic institutions. From 1299-1923. |
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| One of the most significant ruling dynasties of Iran. Twelver school if Shia Islam established under them. |
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| imperial power of the Indian subcontinent until the British took over. |
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| Muhammad b. Abd' al Wahhab |
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| Founder of Wahabbism in the Najd of Saudi Arabia. |
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| Patron of Wahhab, ancestor od the current royal Saud family in Saudi Arabia. |
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| Political activist and Islamic ideologist in the late 19th century. Founder of Islamic modernism and proponent of pan Islamic unity. Most interested in organizing a Muslim response to the encroachment of western powers in the Middle East. |
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| Ottoman Governor of Egypt. Pressured the Sultan into giving him the authority to name a successor, his son. Brough infrastructure improvement and westernized education to Egypt. |
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| An Egyptian jurist, religious scholar, and liberal reformer, regarded as a founder of Islamic modernism. |
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| Student of Abduh, Syrian proponent of Salafiyyah movement, |
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| Regarded as the father of Islamic Secularism. Wrote a book, Islam and the Foundations of Governance, that questioned the necessity of the Caliphate. |
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| Wrote the book of Foundations, this placed limits on warfare in Islam. |
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| Legal ruling involving war |
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| Heir to Bin Laden construction fortune that condoned the killing of American civilians because, he stated, they were responsible, by electing officials and spending tax dollars on killing Muslims in the Middle East. |
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