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| refers to those who practice the religion |
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| refers to elements of the religion itself |
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| one who believes that Jesus had one divine nature |
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| one who believe that Jesus had both human and divinie nature fused into one. |
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| precursors of the modern Maronites, tried to evolve a compromise between the Monophysites and orthodox Christianity by postulating that Christ had two natures, human and divine, but a single will. |
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| reference to the ruling dynasty in Persia in the sixth-century. |
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| a frontier official appointed by Sasanian ruler |
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| a religious movement with strong political overtones in which Mazdakites campaigned for the abolition of private property and class distinctions and the equality of women. |
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| Lands belonging to the Muslim community or to the caliph especially in Iraq in early Islamic times. |
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| land province important in the provincial organization of Muslims |
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| the second level of Sasanian aristocracy called the lesser aristocracy |
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| the Sasanian state religion, administered by Magi, concentrating on five temples, had only liimited support, more connected with rituals than needs of people. |
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| administrated Zoroastrianism faith |
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| argues for Christ as 2 distinct persons; one human, one divine |
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| area between Tigris and Euphrates |
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| Leading tribe in Mecca that opposed Muhammed and afterwards, the tribe dominated early Islamic leadership. |
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| paganistic religion in Mecca |
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| tribal raids that served to confirm the unity of the kin, give its members military experience, and could be sometimes profitable |
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| Arabic santuary that was a neutral zone for different groups to exchange goods and settle disputes. |
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| a "verse" or chapter in Qu'ran |
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| Muhammed's wife and first convert |
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| one of the first converts and the Prophet's son-in-law |
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| the migration from Medina to Mecca |
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| Meccan Muslims who had left Mecca with Muhammed |
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| the Medina tribe that helped Muhammed when he first left Mecca, later pained by their exclusion from Islamic leadership positions |
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| the community of believers |
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| early influential convert who ordered all Jewish men killed and women and children sold into slavery |
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| the meeting after the Prophet's death that chose the next leader |
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| first caliph who subdued Ridda wars and began expansion |
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| last caliph who battled against factions within Islamic community |
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| second caliph, who conquered Iraq, Iran, Syria, and Egypt |
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| "deputy of God" also caliph |
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| "commander of the faithful" |
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| the Prophet's most influential wife |
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| the wars in Arabia that followed the death of Muhammed |
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| system of settlement that payed conquerors pensions instead of distributing lands among them |
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| Syrian governor who opposed caliph Ali in honor of the death of Uthman. Took leadership of Islamic communities with loose system of alliances |
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| early Muslim settlers in Iraq, some of whom later joined the Khawarij |
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| a council formed to choose a caliph |
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| rejected urban life of Kufa and reverted back to boudouin ways and believed they were the only true Muslims in the world. |
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