Term
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Definition
sudden death
chest pain
dyspnoea |
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Term
|
Definition
Grade 1: Asymptomatic cardiac disease
Grade 2: Mild Dyspnoea that slightly limits daily activities
Grade 3: Dyspnoea that limits daily activities
Grade 4: Dyspnoea that occurs at rest |
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Term
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Definition
| Failure of the hear to effectively pump enough blood to satisfy metabolic needs. |
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Term
| Causes of congestive cardiac failure |
|
Definition
Ischemic heart disease
Heart valvular disease
Hypertensive heart disease
Restrictive heart disease |
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Term
| What physiological adaptations occur during CCF |
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Definition
| Kidney senses this as fluid abnormality. Responds by activating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. There is therefore an increase in sodium and water retention. The aldosterone induces thirst. This adaptation causes an increase in fluid i.e fluid overload which results in an increased preload and afterload, as well as an increased BP. |
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Term
| What other physiological adaptation occurs to combat the response by the kidney and what organ induces this adaptation? |
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Definition
| Heart releases Atrial and Brain natriuretic peptides. Inhibit sodium and water retention. Induce fluid loss. Decrease preload as well as afterload. |
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Term
| Biochemical markers of CCF |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Found in ventricular myocytes. Secreted when there is a fluid overload. Work in reducing fluid overload.
Inhibit aldosterone/angiotensin/renin system.
Vasodilate
Decrease sodium and water appetite |
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Term
| Principles of Treatment of CCF |
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Definition
1. Decrease fluid and salt intake
2. Decrease cardiac workload--> ACE inhibitors and Angiotensin II blockers( take out renin/angiotensin/aldosterone system allowing BNP to do its work)
3. Increase fluid loss with diuretics |
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Term
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Definition
| Makes the ventricles work harder by inhibiting sodium/potassium ATPase pump which restores resting potential after depolarization. Sodium buildup in the cells and sodium is exchanged for calcium. Calcium binds to troponin C= contract |
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Term
| Most common cause of IHD and its pathology |
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Definition
| Atherosclerosis. Atherosclerotic plaque can either rupture or occlude vessel. When it ruptures it induces platelet adhesion resulting in clot formation. This clot can cause cause acute vessel occlusion resulting in an acute myocardial infarction. When the plaque occludes a vessel the individual may present with stable or unstable angina. |
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Term
| Diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction |
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Definition
| 2-3 to be diagnosed. Crushing chest pain, elevated cardiac markers, ECG changes. |
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Term
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Definition
Cardiac troponins T and I- regulate muscle fiber contractions. Released 4-6 hours after MI
Myoglobin- Released 1 hour after MI
Ck and CK-MB- released 6 hours after MI. BEst to detect re-infarction because levels drop 3-4 days after first infarction. |
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Term
|
Definition
1.Oxygen
2. Anti-platelet adhesion
3. Anticoagulants
4. Analgesia
5. Revascularization |
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