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| the earliest, most ancient stage of Earth's existence |
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| an interval in geologic time, started at Earth's formation 4.6 billion years ago, and ended 3.8 billion years ago-the time interval of the 'Primordial Earth' |
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| geologic time dating based on ratios of radiactive elements in volcanic rocks |
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| geologic time dating based on assemblages of fossils that indicate a particular interval in geologic time |
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| proteins that are an essential building block of living organisms |
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| simplest cell type with no nucleus, as found in bacteria |
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| photosynthetic bacteria, composed of prokaryotic cells |
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| mounded structures consisting of layers of cyanobacteria and sediment |
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| an organism that lives in an extreme, harsh environment |
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| Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Volcanic Vents |
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| area where volcanic activity along the ocean floor creates living communities, occur in the very deep ocean where no sunlight penetrates |
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| using chemicals as the basis for life, for example the chemosynthetic bacteria in the deep-sea vents that use sulfur from volcanic activity |
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| more advanced cell type, with a nucleus and complex internal cell structure-the type of cell that forms all multicellular organisms |
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| blind and fuzzy, lives>7,000 ft. down, around volcanic vents in Pacific Ocean |
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| general term for a single-celled form of life |
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| fish adapted to survive in water that is below freezing |
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| two intervals in Earth's history marked by worldwide glaciation |
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| Earliest example of communities of complex multicellular life forms, may not be closely related to laters forms of life |
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| refers to the apparent rapid rise in biodiversity during the Cambrian period, between 510-530 Ma |
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| trilobites, crustaceans, insects, spiders-the "joint-legged" animals |
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| geologic deposit marked by exceptional fossil preservation due to a combination of special circumstances |
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| or Onychophorans-unusual small animals with wormlike segmented bodies and jointed legs, may be closely related to weird fossils from the Cambrian |
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| the group that includes all vertebrates (aniimals with a bony skeleton) |
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| discusses geological time and explains the difference between relative and absolute time. It also includes information about index fossils. |
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| rocks are dated on the basis of radioactive elements in the rocks that break down, or decay from one radioactive form to another. This decay happens at a KNOWN RATE (for example, radioactive potassium decays into radioactive argon). The proportion of “parent” to “daughter: elements can thus be used to date the rock. |
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| based on the principle of superposition, which is that if there are layers of deposits, those laid down first will be on the bottom and those laid down last will be on the top. |
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| Basic characteristics of living organisms. |
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-Are composed of one or more cells. The basic unit of life
-Can regulate their internal environment.
-Can make energy from nutrients, and dispose of waste products.
-Can change over time in response to changes around them.
-Can respond to stimuli
-Can reproduce |
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No internal cell structures, can only obtain energy from, and reproduce in, host cells that they infect.
BUT can change and adapt to their surroundings. |
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| When was the Earth formed? |
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| conditions on 'Primordial Earth' |
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-No free oxygen
-Very hot temperatures
-Under constant bombardment-No protective atmosphere
-Poisonous chemicals-Methane, Ammonia, Carbon Dioxide
-Lethal levels of UV radiation
-No life forms (at least not yet known) |
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| When was the first fossil evidence of life on Earth found and what was it? |
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| 3.5 Ba fossil cyanobacteria |
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| Lab expirement leading to the formation of amino acids in recreated early Earth environment. |
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Miller-Urey experiments(1950‘s):
Passed energy (electricity) through a closed system with
dissolved gasses representing Earth‘s early atmosphere .
Produces Amino Acids - proteins that are an essential building
block of living organisms.
BUT-we’ve never produces living organisms in lab from non-living components. |
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| found today in hyper saline (extremely salty) shallow marine bays along the coast of western Australia. |
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| possible consequence for 'Snowball Earth' |
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| Virtually all life living on or near earth’s surface wiped out |
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| possible cause for 'Snowball Earth' |
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| uncertain reduced CO2. Glacial deposits widespread around the world-not just at North and South poles |
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| 'Snowball Earth' intervals |
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| 'Ediacran' life as first clear examples of complex multicellular life forms |
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-fossils appear approximately 570 Ma
-First good record of multicellular life - sponge like ,frond like, jellyfish like
-s. Australia, s. Africa, s. America, Newfoundland, Russia, Great Britain |
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| Early examples of familiar groups found after the 'Cambrian Explosion' |
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| sponges, jellyfish, clams, snails, etc. |
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| Primitive living chordates |
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NOTOCHORD-Dorsal stiffening structure that runs the length of the body
DORSAL NERVE CORD-or spinal chord
GILL SPLITS-Paired series of opening on either side of the body, for respiration
V-SHAPED BODY MUSCLE-Along the trunk of the body, for locomotion |
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| -Repulsive lifestyle-scavenge on dead carcasses on the seafloor, secrete massive amounts of slimy mucous |
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| Parasitic, using rasping keratin teeth in sucker mouth to scavenge on live animals |
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| Early armored jawed fishes |
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