Term
| 2 main ways that streptomycin resistance can occur in Erwinia amylovora |
|
Definition
(1) spontaneous mutation that renders the target site inactive
(2) species to species gene transfer that results in an enzyme that breaks down streptomycin. |
|
|
Term
| Absence of this can contribute to incidence of downy mildew |
|
Definition
| air flow under the canopy |
|
|
Term
| Anthracnose Lesions (3 days after Inoculation) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gray mold on strawberries |
|
|
Term
| Dr. Brannen's definition of IPM |
|
Definition
| Use of all available methods (biological, chemical, cultural, genetic, legal, and physical) to control plant pests for best control results but with the least cost and the least damage to the environment. |
|
|
Term
| Economic Impact of 2007 drought to Ga Green Industry |
|
Definition
| 24,000 employees let go and loss of $1.1 billion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reducing or eliminating the pathogen |
|
|
Term
| If DMI resistance is suspected or documented,... |
|
Definition
| use captan instead of sulfur in cover sprays and use the high rate of Elite or Indar preharvest. |
|
|
Term
| Importance of Disease Control |
|
Definition
-Obviously, plant pathogens/diseases rob yield. Left unchecked, crop failure can result.
-Many disease-causing organisms produce toxins which are dangerous to livestock and humans.
-Disease-causing organisms sometimes pose little threat to plants or the humans which consume infected plants, but they may make produce aesthetically non-appealing. |
|
|
Term
| In essence, plant pathology uses this as a first option |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what the fungus is doing on the surface on the plant |
|
|
Term
| Management of Fire Blight |
|
Definition
-Prune out cankers
-Dormant copper sprays
-Streptomycin/Oxytetracycline/
-Kasumin sprays (these are probably the only 3 that are registered commercially)
-Apogee (this is a growth regulator that slows the growth; it is sprayed just after bloom) |
|
|
Term
| Many fungicides don’t work on... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most of what we do in pathology is... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nuclear state of vegetative mycelium in oomycetes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nuclear state of vegetative mycelium in true fungi |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Once a disease starts,... |
|
Definition
| it’s hard to get rid of it |
|
|
Term
| Oomycetes are more closely related to ______ than to fungi |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pierce's disease is in this genus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reproductive structures of the Oomycota |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Requirements for Botrytis infection |
|
Definition
-high relative humidity (>93%) and free water
-exogenous nutrient source for conidia, such as pollen, plant debris
-coolish temperatures (60°F to 70°F) |
|
|
Term
| Resistance is a real issue with this category of fungi |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sexual reproduction of oomycetes |
|
Definition
| Heterogametangia. Fertilization of oospheres by nuclei from antheridia forming oospores. |
|
|
Term
| Sexual reproduction of true fungi |
|
Definition
| Oospores not produced; sexual reproduction results in zygospores, ascospores or basidiospores |
|
|
Term
| Some of the plant diseases are moved by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Spotted Wilt Risk Assessment Index |
|
Definition
| educational tool by which growers can assess the relative risk of spotted wilt in a particular field |
|
|
Term
| This disease could be an extinction event for citrus. |
|
Definition
| citrus huanglongbing (HLB or citrus greening) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fire blight on injured leaf and fruit tissues |
|
|
Term
| Trauma blight triggers in MaryBlyt at these temperatures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type of flagella on zoospores of oomycetes, if produced |
|
Definition
| Heterokont, of two types, one whiplash, directed posteriorly, the other fibrous, ciliated, directed anteriorly |
|
|
Term
| Type of flagella on zoospores of true fungi, if produced |
|
Definition
| If flagellum produced, usually of only one type: posterior, whiplash |
|
|
Term
| When there’s a fitness cost,... |
|
Definition
| it’s not as competitive in the absence of the fungicide |
|
|
Term
| a chemical that has an effect on algae, fungi, oomycetes, and bacteria to an extent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a disease that's a problem in Southern highbush blueberries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a metal that has activity on bacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a native plant that's resistant to bacterial leaf scorch |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a part of the plant that's very susceptible to Botrytis Blight/Gray mold |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a pattern that bacterial leaf scorch can make |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a plant condition that nematodes are part of |
|
Definition
| replant disorder or replant disease |
|
|
Term
| a plant pathogen that grapes carry |
|
Definition
| Agrobacterium tumefaciens |
|
|
Term
| a type of grape that doesn't get downy mildew |
|
Definition
| Our native grapes (muscadines) |
|
|
Term
| a type of planting that can help control phytophthora root rot in Southern highbush blueberries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a way altering cultural practices can be used as a corrective action regarding plant diseases |
|
Definition
| Incorporating green manure into field |
|
|
Term
| a way to manage southern bacterial wilt |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| actual seeding rate of peanuts depends on... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| advantage of using a dwarfing rootstock |
|
Definition
| you can walk around and get apples with higher yield per tree |
|
|
Term
| an important thing that never appears on the disease triangle |
|
Definition
| humans doing things that impact it; help or hurt it |
|
|
Term
| an important variable in the pathogen |
|
Definition
| Some pathovars of some pathogens are more aggressive than others |
|
|
Term
| another means by which viruses can occasionally spread |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| another plant disease that's in the genus Xyllela |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| another species of Phytophthora Root Rot that can be a problem in wet conditions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| anthracnose caused by bacteria in this genus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Purchase plants which are free of disease.
-Remove diseased plant tissue immediately!
-Destroy or bury all infected plants or fruit.
-Follow the spray schedules as indicated in the SRSFC IPM Guide. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one organism produces antibiotic against another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a growth regulator that slows the growth; it is sprayed just after bloom |
|
|
Term
| apogee aids in the management of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| planting a crop where the disease is not |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plant at a time when you're less likely to have the disease |
|
|
Term
| biological control of plant diseases is harder to do in this climate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| can chemicals be used to combat viruses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| can trauma blight occur at low temperatures? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| can we afford to let downy mildew get started? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| can you get a fungus out of a plant? |
|
Definition
| Most of the time, when a fungus has a foothold in a plant, you can’t get it out |
|
|
Term
| can you wait till you see the first sign of a plant disease to spray for it? |
|
Definition
| for some diseases, you can, though it is risky |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the organism (pathogen) that produces a given disease. |
|
|
Term
| chemical controls with which to manage orange cane blotch |
|
Definition
| Copper sprays should also help to prevent spread. |
|
|
Term
| citrus canker was spread by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| I think this is a combination of specific and nonspecific (Mancozeb or Captan + Benomyl or Fenarimol) |
|
|
Term
| commodities that have issues with nematodes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| composition of the cell wall in oomycetes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| composition of the cell wall in true fungi |
|
Definition
| Chitin. Cellulose rarely present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protectants that stay on the surface |
|
|
Term
| cost of applying 2 fungicides at once |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability of a mild strain of a virus, when used as inoculum, to provide some manner of protection, partial or whole, against infection by virulent strains of the same or closely related viruses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| seedlings dropping over at soil line |
|
|
Term
| depiction of exobasidium on blueberry |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of mummyberry in blueberry |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of physical modes of action |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of some types of nematodes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the anatomy of a fungus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fungi that either do not have a sexual stage or the sexual stage has not been observed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| imperfect or asexual fungi |
|
|
Term
| disadvantage of twin row planting of peanuts |
|
Definition
| problem with cost of equipment conversion |
|
|
Term
| disadvantage of using a dwarfing rootstock |
|
Definition
| the tree is more susceptible to disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unhealthy condition of a plant (malfunctioning of plant cells) caused by a pathogen or the environment, which leads to symptom development. |
|
|
Term
| disease triangle with time and vector as factors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| disease triangle with time as a factor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| do contact materials develop resistance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| do fungicides work on oomycetes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| do insects and mites cause disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| do this to see what will happen to your plants regarding disease |
|
Definition
| put plants out in presence of disease |
|
|
Term
| do thrips transmit TSWV to offspring? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does Pierce's disease affect muscadines? |
|
Definition
| not major problem in muscadines |
|
|
Term
| does chemical control of thrips reduce incidence of spotted wilt? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does vector management help with management of plant disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| doing this can probably help manage viruses and bacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| downy mildew prevalent on... |
|
Definition
| lots of different fruit commodities |
|
|
Term
| economic injury level (EIL) |
|
Definition
| The point at which damage results in monetary loss |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The point at which action should be taken to avoid reaching the EIL |
|
|
Term
| effectiveness of Aliette™ (Fosetyl-Al) and Ridomil Gold™ (Metalaxyl/Mefanoxam) at “cleaning up” infected plants |
|
Definition
| Neither product is very effective at “cleaning up” infected plants. |
|
|
Term
| effectiveness of GMO's on viral control |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| effectiveness of soil solarization in GA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| effectiveness of soil solarization in GA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| effects of twin row planting of peanuts |
|
Definition
-earlier plant coverage – less weeds
-research shows higher yield, improved grades average reductions in TSWV 25-30% |
|
|
Term
| environmental changes you can use as corrective actions regarding plant diseases |
|
Definition
| humidity changes in greenhouse etc. |
|
|
Term
| example of a non-systemic virus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| example of aesthetic disease damage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| examples of trauma to a plant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| facets of geranium production impacted by diseases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| feeding habit of Botrytis Blight/Gray mold |
|
Definition
| equally effective as a pathogen or saprophyte |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| frequency of classical mushroom we're familiar with in fungi that infect plants |
|
Definition
| Mushrooms are a type of a fungus, but most pathogens do not produce the classic mushrooms of which we are familiar. |
|
|
Term
| fungicide applications you can use as corrective actions regarding plant diseases |
|
Definition
| systemic – protectant/contact |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| basically incorporating cover crop and other stuff into soil such that it changes soil microflora and microfauna and such |
|
|
Term
| how Topsin M should be prepared for resistance management |
|
Definition
| it should always be tank-mixed with Captan products for resistance management |
|
|
Term
| how apogee aids in the control of shoot blight |
|
Definition
| by hardening off the vegetative growth |
|
|
Term
| how apogee reduces shoot blight |
|
Definition
| by decreasing host susceptibility |
|
|
Term
| how avoidance can be done in disease management |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how breeding programs can be bad for disease resistance |
|
Definition
| breeding programs can breed out resistance to some diseases |
|
|
Term
| how environment plays a factor in plant disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how fungicides can be bad for a plant business |
|
Definition
-leaving residue, which can deter a buyer
-damaging plant tissues (phytotoxicity) |
|
|
Term
| how greenhouses are the ideal environment for disease |
|
Definition
-high humidity
-free water
-temperature
-ubiquitous pathogens
-range in plant health |
|
|
Term
| how host plays a factor in plant disease |
|
Definition
| host immune modulation and behavioral changes |
|
|
Term
| how long an antibiotic lasts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how long it can take for downy mildew to occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many viruses are non-systemic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many viruses are systemic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how nematodes can be about the plants they affect |
|
Definition
| can be very specific about the plants they affect |
|
|
Term
| how often Topsin M should be used |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how pathogen plays a factor in plant disease |
|
Definition
| pathogen virulence factors and inoculum effect |
|
|
Term
| how phytophthora root rot spreads in Southern highbush blueberries |
|
Definition
| down the row via zoospores that swim root to root |
|
|
Term
| how resistant varieties of blueberries can become infected with bacterial leaf scorch |
|
Definition
| by way of different strains of the disease |
|
|
Term
| how sporulation can occur in plants |
|
Definition
| sporulation of plants on other plants can occur |
|
|
Term
| how the economic threshold is determined |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how the virus that causes this might be spread |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how to calculate economic injury level (EIL) |
|
Definition
EIL = C/VIDK
C = cost of management/production unit
V = value of/unit production
I = injury/pest
D = damage/injury
K = proportional reduction/marginal control |
|
|
Term
| how to collect and mail gray mold samples of strawberry flowers for fungicide resistance profiling |
|
Definition
Send 20 to 40 dead strawberry flowers
OR
Any symptomatic plant tissue |
|
|
Term
| how to collect and mail gray mold samples of strawberry fruit for fungicide resistance profiling |
|
Definition
-Obtain cotton swabs individually wrapped
-Collect 10 individual berries with FRESH gray mold lesions
-PLEASE: Do not collect from old mummies or discarded fruit on the ground
-Use a fresh cotton swab for each berry and carefully rub one side of the swab on the diseased portion of each berry without touching the fruit itself
-Return the swab to its individual package or place bulk swabs into plastic bag |
|
|
Term
| how to do hot water treatments regarding plants |
|
Definition
| You can heat the plant tissue you’re gonna send out |
|
|
Term
| how to do hot water treatments regarding plants |
|
Definition
| You can heat the plant tissue you’re gonna send out |
|
|
Term
| how to do refrigeration regarding plants |
|
Definition
| Keep the produce cold enough such that the pathogen can’t grow |
|
|
Term
| how to do refrigeration regarding plants |
|
Definition
| Keep the produce cold enough such that the pathogen can’t grow |
|
|
Term
| how to do sanitation in an IPM program for plant disease |
|
Definition
1. Disease-free starting materials (seed, cuttings, plugs etc.)
2. Eliminate inoculum reservoirs (weeds, debris, etc.)
3. Maintain clean machinery, tools, clothing etc.
4. Removal of infected crop
5. Quarantine measures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Treat pest populations when they reach economic threshold levels
-Use appropriate treatment, such as Cultural, Biological, or Chemical |
|
|
Term
| how to minimize pests in IPM |
|
Definition
| Create an environment unfavorable to pests |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Correctly identify pest species
-Determine pest populations
-Track pest populations over time |
|
|
Term
| how to reduce periods of high relative humidity |
|
Definition
| venting and heating late in the afternoon to remove humid air before sunset |
|
|
Term
| how wind can cause infections in plants |
|
Definition
| by causing leaves to cut each other |
|
|
Term
| how you can do irrigation regarding plant disease |
|
Definition
| You can determine the best time and way to irrigate |
|
|
Term
| how zygomycetes can have an impact in the soil |
|
Definition
| general part of seedling diseases in some cold soils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one organism eating another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one organism makes a plant resistant to another organism |
|
|
Term
| if toxic materials get inside the plant, they cause... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if you can turn this on, you might be able to manage the virus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| impact of weeds on risk of plant disease |
|
Definition
| weeds that get thick around plants increase the risk of disease |
|
|
Term
| important factor about the management of active ingredients of fungicides |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| important factor in fungicide treatments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in plant pathology IPM, if you don’t have the ______, you don’t have the problem |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is any peanut cultivar immune to TSWV? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is it possible to get rid of everything when trying to manage a plant disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| isolation basically means... |
|
Definition
| you isolate it and see what happens |
|
|
Term
| known vectors of bacterial leaf scorch... |
|
Definition
-sharpshooters
-spittle bugs |
|
|
Term
| management of this is critical for botrytis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| means of propagation for geranium |
|
Definition
| vegetative or seed propagation |
|
|
Term
| mode of action of some nonspecific fungicides like Mancozeb and Captan |
|
Definition
-Modification of SH- groups
-Inhibition of numerous enzymes |
|
|
Term
| mode of action of some specific fungicides like Benomyl and Fenarimol |
|
Definition
-Fungal-specific target sites
-systemic uptake |
|
|
Term
| moisture vs. risk of plant disease |
|
Definition
| increased moisture around plants increases the risk of plant disease and algae and such |
|
|
Term
| nobody does this, but it would probably be good to do this to manage bitter rot in apple |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| on maryblyt, the red block tells you... |
|
Definition
| that you’re in deep trouble |
|
|
Term
| one of the big issues in plant pathology |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| one of the most valuable floricultural crops |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| one reason stone fruit infected with plum pox virus is undesireable |
|
Definition
| Interferes with sugar production such that it’s not very good |
|
|
Term
| one way Erwinia amylovora (fire blight of apple) becomes resistant to antibiotics (I think streptomycin) |
|
Definition
| gene for resistance transfered from a saprophytic bacterium |
|
|
Term
| one way fumigants are used to kill nematodes |
|
Definition
| fumigant injected under plastic kills nematodes in soil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| resistance after a certain age |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fungallike members (pseudofungi) of the kingdom Chromista that have elongated mycelium containing cellulose and glucans but no cross walls |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| oomycetes do not generally contain ______ in their cell walls |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| optimum conditions for downy mildew to infect a plant |
|
Definition
| Warm and wet conditions during vegetative growth are optimal for disease development ). The optimum temperature for the development of an epidemic of downy mildew is 64° to 76°F (18° to 24°C), a minimum of 54° to 58°F (12° to 13°C), and a maximum of about 86°F (30°C). |
|
|
Term
| other than bacteris, copper can have effect on... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| our definition of IPM for plant diseases |
|
Definition
| Use of all available methods (biological, chemical, cultural, genetic, legal, and physical) to control plant pests for best control results but with the least cost and the least damage to the environment. |
|
|
Term
| papaya infected with papaya ringspot virus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| part of the plant that remains susceptible after ontalogical resistance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| parts of the plant that are susceptible to Botrytis Blight/Gray mold |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any disease-producing microorganism or virus. |
|
|
Term
| peanut population density vs. amount of plants that get infected with TSWV |
|
Definition
| establishing higher plant pops reduces the percentage of plants that are infected |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what stage of growth the plant is in |
|
|
Term
| phytophthora root rot is a problem in these blueberries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| plant breeding often doesn't take this into account |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unhealthy condition of a plant (malfunctioning of plant cells) caused by a pathogen or the environment, which leads to symptom development. |
|
|
Term
| plant population density in which peanuts are more likely to get infected with TSWV |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| plant stresses vs. risk of plant disease |
|
Definition
| anything that stresses a plant increases the risk of disease |
|
|
Term
| plants in Georgia in which bacterial leaf scorch occurs |
|
Definition
-peaches
-plums
-European wine grapes |
|
|
Term
| plants on which orange cane blotch can be a problem |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| plants that southern bacterial wilt can affect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| plants that tend to be more resistant to diseases like phytophthora root rot in Southern highbush blueberries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ring spots on Apricot stones or seed and on peach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disease that has multiple cycles within a season |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-quarantine
-large $$ losses |
|
|
Term
| quantitative resistance to gray mold |
|
Definition
| at first, fungicide works very well, then the fungicide don’t work anymore |
|
|
Term
| quantitative resistance to gray mold |
|
Definition
| works one day, doesn’t work the next |
|
|
Term
| quarantine only as good as... |
|
Definition
| the policies and the people enforcing them |
|
|
Term
| quarantine only as good as... |
|
Definition
| the policies and the people enforcing them |
|
|
Term
| rate of apogee application vs. vigor of trees |
|
Definition
| the more vigorous the tree, the more apogee to use |
|
|
Term
| reasons to not spray too much antibiotics |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| recommended population density for peanut stand |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| reduce this regarding weeds to limit the spread of plant disease |
|
Definition
| reduce its attractiveness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| I think this is when you replant a plant and you don’t get good growth |
|
|
Term
| requirements for successful IPM program for plant disease |
|
Definition
1: time commitment and money; takes time and money
2: knowledge of crop(s); some things you need to know about crops:
-cultural needs
-potential diseases
-other problems
3: commitment to produce top-quality plants, regardless of the plant
4: communication (within work force); gotta train other people to look for disease, since they’re often the first line of defense
5: common sense; gotta have an overall management program set up |
|
|
Term
| resistance is often tied to... |
|
Definition
| how rapidly a plant responds to infection |
|
|
Term
| scouting and monitoring can provide a timetable for... |
|
Definition
| preventative sprays, etc. |
|
|
Term
| scouting and monitoring of plant diseases is easiest with... |
|
Definition
| above ground/visible symptoms |
|
|
Term
| some Broad Fungal Categories |
|
Definition
-Zygomycetes
-Basidiomycetes
-Oomycetes (not true fungi)
-Ascomycetes
-Deuteromycetes |
|
|
Term
| some IPM practices you can add to your list |
|
Definition
-Fertility management
-Indexed starter plants
-Resistant cultivars
-Media sterilization
-Sanitation
-Monitoring/scouting
-Irrigation timing/delivery
-Greenhouse R.H. control
-Roguing
-Crop rotation
-Isolation of incoming stock
-Inspect incoming stock |
|
|
Term
| some abiotic factors that cause plant disease |
|
Definition
-nutrient deficiencies
-etc. |
|
|
Term
| some abiotic things that can cause disorder |
|
Definition
-air pollutants
-other chemicals
-soil acidity/alkalinity
-nutrient imbalance
-low oxygen
-drought |
|
|
Term
| some abiotic things that can cause injury |
|
Definition
-heat or frost
-mechanical impact |
|
|
Term
| some biological methods by which to directly protect plants from disease |
|
Definition
-Antibiosis
-Competition
-Hyperparasitism
-Hypovirulence |
|
|
Term
| some biological methods of eradication |
|
Definition
-Suppressive soils; leaving a crop there for years and years, such that there’s buildup of organisms that suppress pathogen
-Trap plants |
|
|
Term
| some biological methods of management of plant pathogens |
|
Definition
-Suppressive soils
-Trap plants |
|
|
Term
| some biotic factors that cause plant disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some biotic things that can cause injury |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some biotic things that can cause narrow sense disease |
|
Definition
-viruses and viroids
-bacteria
-fungi and oomycetes
-parasitic plants
-nematodes
-insects and mites |
|
|
Term
| some blueberry varieties we have in Georgia |
|
Definition
-rabbiteye
-southern highbush |
|
|
Term
| some characteristics of ring spot virus |
|
Definition
-this virus don't kill the plant
-it’s a localized lesion virus
-this virus isn't systemic |
|
|
Term
| some chemical methods of eradication |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some chemical methods of eradication |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some chemicals that are registered for control of Phytophthora Root Rot in blueberries |
|
Definition
-Aliette™ (Fosetyl-Al)
-Ridomil Gold™ (Metalaxyl/Mefanoxam) |
|
|
Term
| some chemicals that are used in the management of phytophthora root rot in Southern highbush blueberries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some components of an IPM program for plant disease |
|
Definition
1: Preventative programs
2: Scouting and monitoring programs
3: Corrective actions |
|
|
Term
| some corrective actions in an IPM program for plant disease |
|
Definition
-at first evidence of problem
-fungicide applications/crop removal… |
|
|
Term
| some corrective actions that can be done with plant diseases |
|
Definition
1: fungicide applications
2: environmental changes
3: alter cultural practices |
|
|
Term
| some cropping practices that can be used to counteract nematodes |
|
Definition
-crop rotation
-trap crops |
|
|
Term
| some cultural controls by which to manage orange cane blotch |
|
Definition
(1). Remove old floricanes. Destroy by either burning or burying them.
(2). Practices which promote quick drying of the canopy will help to decrease infection. A weed-free strip under the canopy will also aid in drying and air movement.
(3). Where producers have bedded and installed black plastic and drip-tape irrigation systems, orange felt has been reduced. Initial infections often come from the soil or surrounding debris, so this physical barrier likely reduces splash dispersal to the canes.
(4). Avoid stressing plants, making sure that all nutrient and water requirements are met.
(5). Avoid planting in poorly drained sites. |
|
|
Term
| some cultural methods of eradication |
|
Definition
-Host eradication; example: wild plums can harbor peach diseases
-Crop rotation
-Sanitation
-Environment modification |
|
|
Term
| some cultural methods of management of plant pathogens |
|
Definition
-Host eradication
-Crop rotation
-Sanitation
-Environment modification |
|
|
Term
| some cultural practices for IPM of plant diseases |
|
Definition
-proper fertilization
-watering (if applicable)
-crop rotations
-site location
-soil drainage, soil qualities, light intensity etc. |
|
|
Term
| some cultural/environmental control of botrytis and other diseases in greenhouse |
|
Definition
-overhead vs. drip irrigation
-proper root zone pH |
|
|
Term
| some details about chemical control of botrytis |
|
Definition
-serious problems with resistance in Botrytis pops
-fungicide resistance does not appear to reduce fitness of fungus – not lost over time
-mixtures effective, alternate contact/systemic
-re-entry periods differ for different products
-timing of product application is critical to both disease control and also plant marketability
-once plant damaged fungicides can prevent spread but infected plants often not marketable
-under high disease pressure products will not work as well – need to anticipate disease |
|
|
Term
| some disease resistant planting materials |
|
Definition
-selective breeding or selection
-breeder, pathologist, entomologist
-biotechnology (Round-up ready) |
|
|
Term
| some diseases of geranium |
|
Definition
1: bacterial blight
2: southern bacterial wilt
3: rust
4: botrytis blight/gray mold |
|
|
Term
| some environmental controls to control botrytis and other diseases in greenhouse |
|
Definition
-reduce periods of high relative humidity
-airflow between crop
-increase plant spacing for better air flow
-light intensity, composition (films, shade cloth) |
|
|
Term
| some examples of ascomycetes |
|
Definition
-Powdery Mildews
-numerous other fungi |
|
|
Term
| some examples of basidiomycetes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some examples of deuteromycetes |
|
Definition
-Rhizoctonia
-Sclerotium
-Fusarium
-numerous others
Some of these are found in soil |
|
|
Term
| some examples of zygomycetes |
|
Definition
-Bread molds (Rhizopus)
-Mucors
can also occur on fruits and such |
|
|
Term
| some exogenous nutrient sources for conidia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some factors in disease management |
|
Definition
-host resistance
-vector control
-Avoidance |
|
|
Term
| some factors of climate change that play a factor in plant disease |
|
Definition
-temperature
-humidity
-precipitation
-wind
-atmospheric pressure |
|
|
Term
| some field crops that can host TSWV |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some food crops that can be used |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some general disease management strategies |
|
Definition
1: exclusion
2: eradication
3: host resistance
4: direct protection of plants
5: integrated management of plant diseases |
|
|
Term
| some important factors about controlling plant diseases by Chemical Control in the form of Fungicides |
|
Definition
-very important part of disease management
-use of proper fungicide treatments (timing!!)
-management of active ingredients (resistance)
-protective vs curative applications |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some methods of eradication |
|
Definition
-cultural methods
-biological methods
-physical methods
-chemical methods |
|
|
Term
| some methods of sanitation in greenhouses |
|
Definition
-use new or disinfected flats or trays
-disinfect benches, equipment (bleach, hydrogen peroxide)
-remove dead/dying/disease materials from the greenhouse and take off site (no cull piles)
-maintain a weed-free zone around greenhouses
-use of physical barriers (screens etc.) to limit insects
-walkways etc. clear of soil, organic matter, weeds |
|
|
Term
| some nonspecific fungicides |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some oomycetes that are major soil inhabitants |
|
Definition
-Aphanomyces (Saprolegniales)
-Pythium/Phytopthora (Peronosporales) |
|
|
Term
| some ornamentals that can host TSWV |
|
Definition
-chrysanthemum
-begonia
-hydrangea
-geranium
-zinnia
-snapdragon
-gerbera daisy
-peony
-salvia
-verbena
-and on and on and on… |
|
|
Term
| some other things that can factor into how vulnerable a plant is to a disease |
|
Definition
-Environment
-nutrition
-nutrient deficiency |
|
|
Term
| some physical methods of eradication |
|
Definition
-Soil solarization
-Hot water treatments; can be used to kill A. tumefaciens in grapes
-Refrigeration |
|
|
Term
| some physical methods of eradication |
|
Definition
-Soil solarization
-Hot water treatments
-Refridgeration |
|
|
Term
| some physical methods of eradication |
|
Definition
-Soil solarization
-Hot water treatments
-Refridgeration |
|
|
Term
| some plants in which TSWV causes major losses |
|
Definition
-tobacco
-peppers
-ornamentals |
|
|
Term
| some plants that can be hosts for Botrytis Blight/Gray mold |
|
Definition
-chrysanthemum
-poinsettia
-new guinea impatiens
-geranium
-cut flowers
-many food crops (e.g. tomato, cucumber) |
|
|
Term
| some plants that have anti-nematode properties |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some preventative programs in an IPM program for plant disease |
|
Definition
-sanitation and other cultural practices
-chemical, biological controls
-genetic controls (host resistance) or GMOs |
|
|
Term
| some reasons why disease control is important |
|
Definition
-Pathogens and diseases rob yield
-Toxins
-Aesthetics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some starting material that must be disease free |
|
Definition
-seed
-cuttings
-plugs
-etc. |
|
|
Term
| some symptoms that occur in plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some things about controlling plant diseases by Biological control |
|
Definition
-use of antagonistic microbes to reduce/eliminate disease development
-difficult to use – must mimic control of chemicals
+harder to do in wet, humid climate |
|
|
Term
| some things anthracnose causes |
|
Definition
-root rot
-leaf spots
-fruit rots |
|
|
Term
| some things that are done in the management of phytophthora root rot in Southern highbush blueberries |
|
Definition
-Drainage is critical
-Aliette and ridomil gold are used for this in blueberries
-Don’t drown the blueberry
-Spreads down the row via zoospores that swim root to root
-Most of the time, mature plants are more resistant to things like this
-Planting on raised beds can help control the disease
-Can’t really fumigate bark |
|
|
Term
| some things that can be used to counteract nematodes |
|
Definition
-fumigating
-seed treatments
-crop rotation
-breeding |
|
|
Term
| some things that can cause leaf blight |
|
Definition
-something that’s localized
-gall
-canker
-root rot |
|
|
Term
| some things that can increase the risk of plant disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some things that can spread viruses |
|
Definition
-Insects
-arthropods
-nematodes |
|
|
Term
| some things that might exacerbate the incidence of postharvest decay |
|
Definition
-machine-harvesting
-storage at higher temperature for long periods
-infestation of handling surfaces
-wetness of the stem scar
-addition of moisture |
|
|
Term
| some things you need to know about crops for a successful IPM program for plant disease |
|
Definition
-cultural needs
-potential diseases
-other problems |
|
|
Term
| some types of biological control |
|
Definition
-antibiosis
-competition
-hyperparasitism
-hypovirulence |
|
|
Term
| some types of eradication |
|
Definition
-Cultural methods
-Biological methods
-Physical methods
-Chemical methods |
|
|
Term
| some types of eradication |
|
Definition
-Cultural methods
-Biological methods
-Physical methods
-Chemical methods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-quarantine
-avaoidance
-pathogen-free seed/crop certification |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-quarantine
-avoidance
-Pathogen free seed/crop certification |
|
|
Term
| some types of floriculture crops |
|
Definition
-cut flowers
-flowering potted plants
-bedding plants
-herbaceous perennials |
|
|
Term
| some types of nursery crops |
|
Definition
-trees
-woody ornamental plants
-shrubs |
|
|
Term
| some types of transgenic cross protection |
|
Definition
-Coat protein gene.
-Modified virus replicase gene.
-Movement protein gene.
-Protease genes needed to process viral nucleic acid.
-Defective satellite nucleic acids.
-Antisense segments of viral nucleic acids. |
|
|
Term
| some veggies that can host TSWV |
|
Definition
-tomato
-pepper
-potato
-eggplant
-lettuce
-celery
-bean
-cowpea
-spinach
-cucumber |
|
|
Term
| some ways downy mildew can affect an infected plant |
|
Definition
| Infected leaves drop, resulting in reduced sugars in the fruit and decreased hardiness of overwintering buds. |
|
|
Term
| some weeds that can host TSWV |
|
Definition
-chickweed
-lamb’s quarters
-burdock
-beggar ticks
-sow thistle
-morning glory
-shepherd’s purse
-yellow clover
-purslane
-black nightshade…. |
|
|
Term
| something about avoidance in IPM |
|
Definition
| put plant in place where the disease don’t occur or plant when the pathogens are less favorable for disease |
|
|
Term
| something about chemical methods of eradication |
|
Definition
| some fungicides good enough to take pathogens out |
|
|
Term
| something about copper regarding bacteria |
|
Definition
| is a bacteriacidal material that can be applied to kill bacteria |
|
|
Term
| something about quarantine in IPM |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something about the propagation of anthracnose |
|
Definition
| Prolific spore (conidia) production observed in the fruit lesions. |
|
|
Term
| something about the spread of anthracnose |
|
Definition
| Rapid spread; very destructive |
|
|
Term
| something bad that can happen as a result of killing off fungi and other pests |
|
Definition
| natural competitors being killed off |
|
|
Term
| something both biotic and abiotic that can cause disorder and narrow sense disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something downy mildew can occur on |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something else that can cause wilt |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something on the leaf that anthracnose can cause |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something online that can tell you your risk of anthracnose and botrytis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something other than Agrobacterium tumefaciens that can cause galls |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something that all the species that cause anthracnose have in common |
|
Definition
| they have very similar conidial spores |
|
|
Term
| something that fire blight of apple causes other than spots |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something that happens to the leaves of plants that have bacterial leaf scorch |
|
Definition
| they show scorch and plants eventually die |
|
|
Term
| something that's a real issue with basidiomycetes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something that's an indicator of bacterial leaf scorch |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something that's important for the incidence of downy mildew |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| specificity of basidiomycetes |
|
Definition
| often very specific to the host(s) |
|
|
Term
| spores produced by oomycetes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-disease-conducive environment
-ubiquitous fungus that can infect most plant parts
-disease problems can occur very quickly
-business geared towards maximizing production disease not tolerated by consumer
-certified, culture-indexed cuttings from a reputable commercial propagator
-chemical controls need preventative applications, alternate products with different modes of action
-combining sanitation, plant health, preventative fungicide spray program |
|
|
Term
| symptoms of Botrytis Blight/Gray mold |
|
Definition
-leaf spots
-blighting
-cankers
-damping off (seedlings drop over at soil line) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-young leaves turn bronze in color
-leaves develop small, dark spots
-plants appear wilted and tips dieback
-dark streaking of terminal stems
-stunting and reduced yield
-variable among hosts and within a host species |
|
|
Term
| systemic uptake of some specific fungicides |
|
Definition
-Physiochemical properties
-Mode-of-action - no impact on uptake |
|
|
Term
| the 2 major vectors of TSWV in peanut |
|
Definition
-Tobacco thrips
-Western flower thrips |
|
|
Term
| the 3 types of disease in the broad sense |
|
Definition
-disease (narrow sense)
-disorder
-injury |
|
|
Term
| the Broad Fungal Categories are largely based on... |
|
Definition
| the spore structures produced, sexual and asexual structures. |
|
|
Term
| the above and below ground parts of apple trees are (same or different?) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the bacteria that causes bacterial leaf scorch is in this genus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the basic disease triangle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the conditions oomycetes prefer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the cristae of mitochondria in oomycetes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the cristae of mitochondria in true fungi |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the disease that might wipe out olive production in europe |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the effect of mowing on spread of plant disease |
|
Definition
| if you keep the weeds mowed low, the insect vectors won't be able to spread it as effectively |
|
|
Term
| the factors that have to be involved to cause disease |
|
Definition
| all 3 (host, pathogen, and climate) |
|
|
Term
| the first disease to be attributed to bacteria |
|
Definition
| Fire Blight of Apple (Erwinia amylovora) |
|
|
Term
| the general disease management strategies |
|
Definition
1: exclusion
2: eradication
3: host resistance
4: direct protection of plants
5: IPM |
|
|
Term
| the last thing you wanna do for plant disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the one thing in plant pathology where we have thresholds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ones that really have the problem of natural competitors being killed off |
|
Definition
| the ones that use too much fungicides |
|
|
Term
| the only stage of the thrip life cycle that can acquire TSWV |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the part of fire blight apogee is effective for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the part of fire blight apogee is not effective for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the part of plants some diseases are more aggressive on |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the parts of the vine that are particullarly susceptible to downy mildew |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the point when it becomes hard to use antibiotics |
|
Definition
| when resistance has developed |
|
|
Term
| the predominant species of Botrytis Blight/Gray mold |
|
Definition
| Botrytis cinerea, but there are many species |
|
|
Term
| the prevalence of Phytophthora Root Rot on roots |
|
Definition
| Prevalent and found on all root systems. |
|
|
Term
| the primary source of foliar infection in Botrytis Blight/Gray mold |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the problem here regarding bacterial leaf scorch is related to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the resistance of blueberry to bacterial leaf scorch |
|
Definition
| has some natural resistance |
|
|
Term
| the resting structure of oomycetes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the single most important factor in TSWV management |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the specificity of ascomycetes |
|
Definition
| Can be specific to a plant species |
|
|
Term
| the spores ascomycetes produce |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the temperatures fire blight likes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the tillage that results in lower incidence
of spotted wilt |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-IPM hierarchically utilizes the tools at hand to manage crop pests
+Using the least disruptive tools first and only using pesticides when other options have failed to prevent economically threatening damage |
|
|
Term
| the type of parasite a nematode is |
|
Definition
| Some are ectoparasites, and some are endoparasites. |
|
|
Term
| the type of reproduction used in Botrytis Blight/Gray mold |
|
Definition
| asexual reproduction - billions of conidia are produced, released |
|
|
Term
| the vast majority of plant pathogen are... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| there’s some nematodes that cause damage in blueberries, especially ______ nematode |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| these are probably the only 3 antibiotics that are registered commercially for the management of fire blight |
|
Definition
-Streptomycin
-Oxytetracycline
-Kasumin |
|
|
Term
| these plants are more susceptible to disease |
|
Definition
| injured plants because they're injured |
|
|
Term
| these types of disease causing agents in plants are becoming more important |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this can be used to combat viruses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this can cause trauma blight |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this can happen with ring spots on leaves |
|
Definition
| ring spots can become necrotic, causing leaves to fall off |
|
|
Term
| this can help prevent further spread of fire blight |
|
Definition
| targeted applications of Streptomycin (either just before or just after a freeze) |
|
|
Term
| this causes causes cancer of microvilli in mice |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this disease is generally accepted as the most important bacterial disease of apple |
|
Definition
| Fire Blight of Apple (Erwinia amylovora) |
|
|
Term
| this in irrigation provides good environment for pathogen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this is critical in the management of phytophthora root rot in Southern highbush blueberries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this is critical to managing Phytophthora Root Rot in blueberries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this is necessary for control of downy mildew |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this system used to modify genes in plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this technology might be used to manage viruses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this virus has been called “the most devastating viral disease worldwide of stone fruit" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| too much of this weakens the plant |
|
Definition
| Too many weeds and too many insects |
|
|
Term
| trauma blight in cold temperatures due to... |
|
Definition
| bacteria actually freezing |
|
|
Term
| try to figure this out about a disease that's present |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| types of blueberries in which Phytophthora Root Rot can be a problem |
|
Definition
| Major problem in Southern highbush; can be a problem in rabbiteye as well. |
|
|
Term
| types of direct protection of plants |
|
Definition
-biological control
-chemical control |
|
|
Term
| types of resistance to gray mold |
|
Definition
-quantitative
-qualititive |
|
|
Term
| variety of blueberry in Georgia that's susceptible to bacterial leaf scorch |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| weather in which bitter rot epidemics are worse |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what Anthracnose does to strawberry |
|
Definition
| causes damage to fruit and roots of strawberry |
|
|
Term
| what Bravo petal fall did to peach scab |
|
Definition
| reduced severity, though moderately, as in other trials |
|
|
Term
| what Pierce's disease affects |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what Spotted Wilt Risk Assessment Index can do |
|
Definition
| identify the best combination of disease-suppressive factors that apply to their situation |
|
|
Term
| what algae can do to blueberries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what bacterial blight does to geraniums |
|
Definition
-can wipe out greenhouses
-causes lesions and wilting/dead plants |
|
|
Term
| what bacterial leaf scorch does to plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what can happen if orange cane blotch becomes a problem on tea? |
|
Definition
| it can result in nasty tea |
|
|
Term
| what causes citrus huanglongbing (HLB or citrus greening) |
|
Definition
| a fastidious phloem-limited bacterium that has not yet been cultured |
|
|
Term
| what causes orange cane blotch? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what cross protection does to the plant |
|
Definition
| kinda primes the immune system |
|
|
Term
| what dew can do for bitter rot of apple |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what downy mildew attacks |
|
Definition
| all green parts of the vine |
|
|
Term
| what downy mildew does to plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what nematodes do to plants |
|
Definition
| Nematodes feed on plant roots, causing damage over time. |
|
|
Term
| what oomycetes will do to roots |
|
Definition
| Will rot root in wet conditions |
|
|
Term
| what plant pathology IPM tries to do |
|
Definition
| develop systems to keep the disease from starting |
|
|
Term
| what resistance to the nematode means |
|
Definition
| the nematode can't complete its life cycle in the plant |
|
|
Term
| what scab can do to peach |
|
Definition
| This scab doesn’t go very deep, but it can cause cracking |
|
|
Term
| what spreads plum pox virus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what systemics do in plants |
|
Definition
| systemics go into plants and turn on host plant defenses |
|
|
Term
| what the mycelium of some fungi is shielded by when established inside the host |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what the root knot nematode mama does to the plant root |
|
Definition
| Root knot nematode mama has her little babies inside the root |
|
|
Term
| what to do if you see the disease causing bacteria in the plant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what to use in biological control of plant diseases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what transmits necrotic ring spot virus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what transmits red ring spot virus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what vaccination does to the immune system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what vectors citrus huanglongbing (HLB or citrus greening)? |
|
Definition
| Two psyllids, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama and Trioza erytreae (del Guercio) |
|
|
Term
| what watering does with the conidia of Botrytis Blight/Gray mold |
|
Definition
| hits the plant and splatters these things |
|
|
Term
| what we have to encourage for management of fire blight |
|
Definition
| optimum use of resistance management techniques |
|
|
Term
| what you might wanna use to get rid of nematodes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when a plant pathogen is latent,... |
|
Definition
| it doesn’t really show symptoms until late in the season |
|
|
Term
| when additional Exobasidium-active fungicides should be applied |
|
Definition
| during bloom and 2-3 applications post bloom to further reduce disease levels |
|
|
Term
| when calcium polysulfide products are effective as management tools for suppression of Exobasidium |
|
Definition
| when applied in the late-dormant phenology |
|
|
Term
| when cross protection was first reported |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when mummyberry mummifies |
|
Definition
| towards the end of the season |
|
|
Term
| when thrips pops and peanut susceptibility are highest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when to apply fungicides to combat bitter rot of apple |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when to implement corrective actions |
|
Definition
| at first sign of disease problem |
|
|
Term
| when to use Captan and Thiram |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when you might wanna use Apogee to control fire blight |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when your immune system should be able to combat fungi |
|
Definition
| when they're not producing toxins |
|
|
Term
| when zygomycetes can be destructive |
|
Definition
| Can be very destructive in post-harvest situations |
|
|
Term
| where contact protectants reside |
|
Definition
| the surface of the leaf or fruit |
|
|
Term
| where did plum pox virus come from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where systemic protectants reside |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where thrips are protected from insecticides |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which is harder to monitor? disease levels or insects? |
|
Definition
| in general, it is more difficult to monitor disease levels than insects |
|
|
Term
which part of reproductive structure number 2 is number 3?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of reproductive structure number 2 is number 4?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of reproductive structure number 5 is number 6?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of reproductive structure number 5 is number 7?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the fungus is number 1?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the fungus is number 2?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the fungus is number 3?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the fungus is number 4?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which reproductive structure is number 1?
[image] |
|
Definition
| sporangium producing zoospores |
|
|
Term
which reproductive structure is number 2?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which reproductive structure is number 5?
[image] |
|
Definition
| oogonium with antheridium |
|
|
Term
which symptom is number 1?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which symptom is number 2?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which symptom is number 3?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which symptom is number 4?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which symptom is number 5?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which symptom is number 6?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which symptom is number 7?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which symptom is number 8?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which symptom is number 9?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why Florida’s citrus industry is decimating |
|
Definition
| citrus huanglongbing (HLB or citrus greening); any citrus tree that has this is dying |
|
|
Term
| why GMO is the only way to go for papayas |
|
Definition
| because GMO papaya is resistant to papaya ringspot virus |
|
|
Term
| why aesthetic damage is bad |
|
Definition
| many ornamental plants are difficult to sell with disease damage present (e.g. leaf spots) |
|
|
Term
| why biological control of plant diseases is hard to use |
|
Definition
| must mimic control of chemicals |
|
|
Term
| why biological controls are hard in the Southeast |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why communication within the workforce is important for a successful IPM program |
|
Definition
| gotta train other people to look for disease, since they’re often the first line of defense |
|
|
Term
| why copper can be used to treat bacterial plant diseases |
|
Definition
| because copper is a bacteriacidal material that can be applied to kill bacteria |
|
|
Term
| why does twin row planting reduce TSWV in peanuts? |
|
Definition
| possibly causes visual interference with ability of thrips to recognize host plants |
|
|
Term
| why flexibility in approaches is important for a successful IPM program for plant disease |
|
Definition
| because you gotta adjust your program as needed |
|
|
Term
| why high wind can be a problem |
|
Definition
| because of cutting of leaves on each other and cracking of branches |
|
|
Term
| why implement corrective actions? |
|
Definition
| to minimize damage and losses |
|
|
Term
| why it seemed logical to use insecticides for control of thrips |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why it's good to increase plant spacing in greenhouses |
|
Definition
| to provide better air flow to control botrytis and other plant diseases |
|
|
Term
| why it's important to use crop rotations as a cultural practice in IPM of plant diseases |
|
Definition
| to minimize inoculum build-up |
|
|
Term
| why nematodes can be a problem anywhere |
|
Definition
| because they’re always there in the soil |
|
|
Term
| why proper fertilization is an important cultural practice in IPM of plant diseases |
|
Definition
| can predispose to infection with over/under fertilization |
|
|
Term
| why removing humid air before sunset is important for controlling botrytis and other diseases |
|
Definition
| because cooling temps provide moist environment |
|
|
Term
| why sanitation is important for viruses |
|
Definition
| because viruses can be transmitted by cutting and other means |
|
|
Term
| why sanitation is important when you're cutting |
|
Definition
| because red ring spot virus is transmitted by cutting |
|
|
Term
| why site location is an important cultural practice in IPM of plant diseases |
|
Definition
| because of how it influences plant health |
|
|
Term
| why systemic insecticides aren't a good way to control thrips and TSWV |
|
Definition
| because systemic insecticides do not act quickly enough to prevent transmission |
|
|
Term
| why the advent of dwarfing rootstocks might have made fire blight gain even more importance in recent years |
|
Definition
| because these rootstocks are often highly susceptible to fire blight infection, resulting in whole tree death |
|
|
Term
| why there's different species of downy mildew |
|
Definition
| because they're often specific to the commodity |
|
|
Term
| why time can be important in plant disease |
|
Definition
| because some pathogens can reproduce multiple times in a season |
|
|
Term
| why timing of removing damaged fruit is important in the management of bitter rot of apple |
|
Definition
| because removing damaged fruit can spread the spores |
|
|
Term
| why tobacco industry don’t want GMO |
|
Definition
| because they think people won’t buy GMO tobacco |
|
|
Term
| why training other people to look for disease is important for a successful IPM program for plant disease |
|
Definition
| because they’re often the first line of defense |
|
|
Term
| why watering (if applicable) can be an important cultural practice in IPM of plant diseases |
|
Definition
| over watering most common problem with homeowner, can cause root rots |
|
|
Term
| why we can not afford fire blight infections |
|
Definition
| because it damages the root stock |
|
|
Term
| why weed management is important |
|
Definition
| because weeds are a reservoir of inoculum |
|
|
Term
| why you can't grow European wine grapes in south Georgia |
|
Definition
| because of bacterial leaf scorch |
|
|
Term
| why you gotta ask the right questions regarding plant disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why you gotta rotate antibiotics |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why you might wanna get rid of nematodes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why you might wanna put plants out in presence of disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| wilt could come from ______ due to ______. |
|
Definition
stem or roots
constriction of water supply |
|
|
Term
| you want the EIP to equate to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| zygomycetes are mainly this issue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| papaya infected with papaya ringspot virus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Anthracnose Lesions (3 days after Inoculation) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
