Term
| The immune system has an effect on (no/some/every) other system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The main function of the immune system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Immunity is _____ or _____; _____ or _____. |
|
Definition
| Innate/adapted; passive/active |
|
|
Term
| List the 4 components of the innate immune system. |
|
Definition
1. Physical barriers
2. White blood cells
3. Chemical mediators
4. Inflammation |
|
|
Term
| Describe innate immunity. |
|
Definition
| You have it b/c you exist; nonspecific; always present; non-adaptive; doesn't require prior exposure; relatively unchanging |
|
|
Term
| Physical barriers include: |
|
Definition
| Skin; GI tract; acidic locations; high temps; respiratory linings; ciliated cells; body hair; canals/tracts |
|
|
Term
| The GI tract is considered a physical barrier b/c... |
|
Definition
| ...resident bacteria take-up adhesion sites. |
|
|
Term
| Respiratory linings are considered physical barriers b/c... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the 4 white blood cells of the innate immune system. |
|
Definition
1. Neutrophils
2. Basophils
3. Eosinophils
4. Monocytes |
|
|
Term
| All 4 white blood cells of the innate immune system are considered... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the 3 WBCs that are granulocytes. |
|
Definition
1. Neutrophils
2. Basophils
3. Eosinophils |
|
|
Term
| Which 3 WBCs are polymorphonuclear? |
|
Definition
1. Neutrophils
2. Basophils
3. Eosinophils |
|
|
Term
| Define polymorphonuclear. |
|
Definition
| A single nucleus that looks like it has multiple nuclei. |
|
|
Term
| The cytoplasm of a neutrophil contains what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The nucleus of a neutrophil has ____ lobes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the size of a neutrophil. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which WBC is highly mobile and fast? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which WBC is 1st to the site of injury? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which WBC is nonspecifically phagocytic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An inactive chromosome on the lobe of a neutrophil nucleus that indicates gender. |
|
|
Term
| What happens to a neutrophil during the inflammation process? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is a neutrophil born? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The granules of this WBC stain blue or purple to ____ dyes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the chemical mediators of a basophil. |
|
Definition
1. Histamine
2. Heparin
3. Leukotrienes |
|
|
Term
| Regarding basophils, histamine causes what 3 things? |
|
Definition
1. Bronchoconstriction
2. Vasodilation
3. Increased capillary permeability |
|
|
Term
| Histamine causes a/an _____ response in the bronchioles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Histamine causes a/an _____ response in the blood vessels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of heparin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of leukotrienes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the size of basophils. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F When the body responds to damaged tissue, it doesn't know the exact location of the damage, which is why it responds all over the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A basophil nucleus has _____ lobes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which WBC is the least abundant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The granules of which WBC stain pink or orange in response to _____ stains? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the size of an eosinophil. |
|
Definition
| Larger then RBCs, neutrophils, basophils |
|
|
Term
| The nucleus of an eosinophil has _____ lobes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which WBC is both innate and adapted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 innate functions of an eosinophil? |
|
Definition
1. Antiparasitic
2. Regulate basophil activity |
|
|
Term
| What is te adapted function of an eosinophil? |
|
Definition
| Phagocytose antigen/antibody complexes |
|
|
Term
| When is an antigen/antibody complex formed? |
|
Definition
| On any contact after the initial contact with an illness; once the antibodies have been made for it). |
|
|
Term
| Which WBC is an agranulocyte? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the cytoplasm of a monocyte. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which WBC is the largest cell in the blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The nucleus of a monocyte has _____ lobes. |
|
Definition
| One kidney bean/horseshoe shaped nucleus |
|
|
Term
| What is the main function of a monocyte? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's unique about a monocyte? |
|
Definition
| It's born in the bone marrow w/ an address tag, goes to a specific tissue, sometimes changes structurally, and becomes a macrophage. |
|
|
Term
| Monocytes are found in the... |
|
Definition
| ...blood and bone marrow. |
|
|
Term
| What is a major aspect of monocyte maturation? |
|
Definition
| Getting to a specific tissue. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A tissue specific monocyte. |
|
|
Term
| What are 4 examples of macrophages and their locations. |
|
Definition
1. Microglial cells - CNS
2. Kupffer cells - liver
3. Osteoclasts - bone
4. Histeocyte - CT proper |
|
|
Term
| Which of the 4 macrophage examples has zero immune function. What is its function? |
|
Definition
| Osteoclast; breakdown bone into calcium |
|
|
Term
| List 6 chemical mediators. |
|
Definition
1. Histamine
2. Leukotrienes
3. Complementary proteins (system)
4. Interleukins
5. Interferon
6. Bradykinin (kinin) |
|
|
Term
| Where is histamine utilized? |
|
Definition
1. Basophils
2. Mast cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A CT specific type of basophil close to surfaces. |
|
|
Term
| Where are leukotrienes utilized? |
|
Definition
1. Basophils
2. Mast cells |
|
|
Term
| What is a function of mast cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a function of complementary proteins? |
|
Definition
| Enhance phagocytosis for WBCs. |
|
|
Term
| What are 2 functions of interleukins? |
|
Definition
1. Proliferation of WBCs
2. Cause fever |
|
|
Term
| What is a function of interferon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a function of bradykinin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Inflammation is synonymous w/ infection. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Infection can cause inflammation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens as a result of any tissue damage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 mechanisms of inflammation? |
|
Definition
1. Vasodilation
2. Increase in capillary permeability |
|
|
Term
| What 2 chemical mediators cause vasodilation? |
|
Definition
1. Bradykinin
2. Histamine |
|
|
Term
| List 4 manifestations of inflammation. |
|
Definition
1. Swelling
2. Redness
3. Heat
4. Tenderness/pain |
|
|
Term
| Explain swelling in inflammation. |
|
Definition
| Send more fluid to a location; increases capillary hydrostatic pressure; increases amount of fluid exiting capillaries; b/c capillaries are more leaky, proteins get out and pull water with them |
|
|
Term
| Explain redness in inflammation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain heat in inflammation. |
|
Definition
| Blood flow; chemical mediators |
|
|
Term
| Explain tenderness/pain in inflammation. |
|
Definition
| Fluid pressure; chemical mediators |
|
|
Term
| Describe adapted immunity. |
|
Definition
| Concerned w/ making antibodies against something; always very specific; requires prior exposure; antibody/cell type #s increase during exposure |
|
|
Term
| What is the key component of adapted immunity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What major cell type is part of adapted immunity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the 3 adapted immunity lymphocytes. |
|
Definition
1. B-cells
2. T-cells
3. Natural killer cells |
|
|
Term
| Which of the 3 lymphocytes is granular? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the 3 lymphocytes are agranular? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This lymphocyte is born and matures in the bone marrow. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This lymphocyte is born in the bone marrow and matures in the thymus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 B-cell maturation requirements? |
|
Definition
1. Self vs. non-self recognition
2. Make and secrete correct antibody |
|
|
Term
| T/F Immunocompetency is the maturation process used to describe both leukocytes and lymphocytes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Self vs. non-self recognition requires what? |
|
Definition
| Being exposed to every single part of us. |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of B-cells and T-cells is usually destroyed in the maturation process? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the 2 types of B-cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Antibodies are also known as _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which B-cell makes all antibodies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do antibodies serve as? |
|
Definition
| Markers for destruction of anything we want to get rid of. |
|
|
Term
| List the 5 antibody classes. |
|
Definition
1. IgG
2. IgM
3. IgE
4. IgA
5. IgD |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lives in interstitial fluid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which antibody is the smallest? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which antibody is specifically extravascular? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which antibdy is specifically intravascular? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which antibody is the most abundant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which antibody is used commonly as IV Igs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which 2 antibodies activate complementary proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which antibody is made first? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F When immunized, the body typically makes certain antibody classes per each immunization. |
|
Definition
| False; makes all 5 antibody classes |
|
|
Term
| Which antibody is associated with allergies and why? |
|
Definition
| IgE; it lives on basophils and mast cells which are always associated with a histamine response |
|
|
Term
| Which antibody is antiparasitic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which antibody lives on the skin and mucosal membranes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Adhesion sites include... |
|
Definition
| ...skin and mucosal membranes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| On the surface of plasma B cells. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of IgD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of memory B cells? |
|
Definition
| To make an immune library that gets passed on. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of T-cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do T-cells get their binding ability? |
|
Definition
| Surface T-cell receptors (TCR) |
|
|
Term
| List the 2 requirements of T-cell maturation. |
|
Definition
1. Self vs. non-self recognition
2. Ability to express correct TCRs |
|
|
Term
| Which lymphocyte is very important concerning immunodeficiencies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the 3 types of T-cells. |
|
Definition
1. Helper T
2. Cytotoxic T
3. Regulatory/suppressor T |
|
|
Term
| What is the surface protein marker for each T-cell? |
|
Definition
Helper T - CD+4
Cytotoxic T - CD8
Regulatory/suppressor T - CD8+CD45RA+ |
|
|
Term
| What, essentially is a surface protein marker? |
|
Definition
| A nametag that says what kind of cell it is. |
|
|
Term
| T/F All cells in the body have a CD surface protein marker. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Helper T cells are _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 functions of helper T cells? |
|
Definition
1. Antigen presentation
2. Antibody production |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of cytotoxic T cells? |
|
Definition
| Kill by poking holes in cell membranes |
|
|
Term
| Which T-cell most commonly fights virally infected cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the T-cells is the least common? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the regularoty/suppressor T cells and what WBC is it similar to in function? |
|
Definition
| T-cell watchdog; eosinophils |
|
|
Term
| Which is the least abundant lymphocyte? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for NK cells? |
|
Definition
| Large granular lymphocytes (LGLs) |
|
|
Term
| List 3 functions of NK cells. |
|
Definition
1. Protect from malignancies/unpatterned growth
2. Aid in ability to fight cancer
3. Phagocytosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Body is not responding/changing/growing/developing/enhancing the immune system as a result of anything; you're receiving something that haleps w/out making your immune system stronger. |
|
|
Term
| Give 2 examples of passive immunity. |
|
Definition
1. Antibiotics
2. IgG (breastfeeding) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Body is receiving something that's revoking/bolstering/enhancing an immune system response. |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of active immunity. |
|
Definition
| Immunizations - produce antibodies |
|
|
Term
| Immune disorder come in 2 varieties. What are they? |
|
Definition
1. Excessive immune responses
2. Deficient immune responses |
|
|
Term
| List the 2 types of excessive immune responses. |
|
Definition
1. Hypersensitivity reactions
2. Auto-/allo-immune responses |
|
|
Term
| T/F Excessive immune responses involve abnormal immune system components. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F All hypersensitivity reactions are auto-/allo-immune reactions; not all auto-/allo-immune responses are hypersensitivity reactions. |
|
Definition
| False; not all hypersensitivity reactions are auto-/allo-immune responses but all auto-/allo-immune responses are hypersensitivity reactions |
|
|
Term
| Which of the excessive immune responses includes types? |
|
Definition
| Hypersensitivity reactions |
|
|
Term
| Types I, II, and III hypersensitivieis are mediated by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type IV hypersensitivies are mediated by ____, which means what? |
|
Definition
| T-cells; no primary antibody involvement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which HS involves allergies (with the exclusion of what)? |
|
Definition
| Type I; skin contact allergies |
|
|
Term
| What markers would you see with a type I HS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which HS can range from mild to moderate to severe? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which HS can result in severe anaphylaxis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 things occur during anaphylaxis and what is it counteracted with? |
|
Definition
1. Bronchoconstriction
2. Low BP
Epinephrine |
|
|
Term
| Mild and moderate type I HS can be treated with what? Give an example. |
|
Definition
| Anti-histamines; Benadryl |
|
|
Term
| What type of HS is the only one with respiratory manifestations? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which HS is genetically linked? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Type I HS is typically very harmful. |
|
Definition
| False; inconvenient but not typically harmful |
|
|
Term
| What is the long-term treatment for a type I HS? |
|
Definition
| To decensitize the immune response though continued, increased exposure to allergen. |
|
|
Term
| Which HS is tissue-specific? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the markers for a type II HS? |
|
Definition
| IgG, IgM, complement proteins |
|
|
Term
| Complementary proteins (increase/decrease) the activity of phagocytic cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which HS targets very specific tissue types? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give some examples of a type II hypersensitivity. |
|
Definition
| Myesthenia gravis, organ rejection, blood transfusion reactions, newborn hemolytic disease, rheumatoid arthritis, MS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment of a type II HS? |
|
Definition
| Depends on the specific reaction |
|
|
Term
| Which HS is an immune complex HS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the mechanism of a type III HS. |
|
Definition
| Antigen/antibody complex builds up b/c of inability of eosinophils to phagocytize them |
|
|
Term
| What are 2 common locations of a type III HS? Why? |
|
Definition
Glomerulus - has many small capillaries
Joints - not well-drained |
|
|
Term
| What are 4 markers of a type III HS? |
|
Definition
| Immune complexes, IgG, IgM, complement proteins |
|
|
Term
| Which HS leads to a huge immune response in unwanted locations? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give some examples of a type III HS. |
|
Definition
| Immune complex glomerulonephritis, immune complex arthritis, Reynaud's disease |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment of a type III HS? |
|
Definition
| Immunosuppressants (suppress production of antibodies that target antigens) |
|
|
Term
| What does it mean if a HS is T-cell mediated. |
|
Definition
| There's no primary antibody involvement |
|
|
Term
| What's another name for a type IV HS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What markers are present in a type IV HS? |
|
Definition
| T-cells, histamine, basophils, mast cells |
|
|
Term
| What markers are not seen in a type IV HS? |
|
Definition
| Antibodies, leukocytes, complements |
|
|
Term
| Which HS most often involves the skin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give some examples of a type IV HS. |
|
Definition
| Contact dermatitis, poison ivy, skin graft rejection, Hashimoto's, type I diabetes |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for a type IV HS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference b/w auto- and allo-immune responses? |
|
Definition
Auto - rejection of self
Allo - rejection of someone else's tissue |
|
|
Term
| Are all auto-/allo-immune responses HS reactions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of HS are most auto-/allo-responses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Auto-immune reactions are _____ _____ reactions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is it called when an auto-immune comes and goes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main mechanism of auto-immune reactions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Auto-immune reactions are more common in (males/females). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the main 2 ways to treat auto-immune reactions? |
|
Definition
1. Treat symptoms
2. Immunisuppressant |
|
|
Term
| List 3 things that aggravate auto-immune reactions. |
|
Definition
1. Little sleep
2. Stress
3. Poor diet |
|
|
Term
| Type 1 diabets, Hashimoto's thyroiditis and myasthenia gravis are all exmaples of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name two disorders that are both type IV HS and auto-immune. |
|
Definition
1. Type I diabets
2. Hashimoto's thyroiditis |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of type I diabetes? |
|
Definition
| Destruction of pancreatic beta cells, which means cells cannot take up glucose |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for type I diabetes? |
|
Definition
| Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus |
|
|
Term
| What disorder involves hyperglycemia, frequent urination, excessive thirst, and weight loss? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the explanation for frequent urination in type I diabetes? |
|
Definition
| Water follows the glucose b/c it's an osmotic particle. |
|
|
Term
| What is the explanation for weight loss in type I diabetes? |
|
Definition
| Without access to glucose, body burns fat stores. |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for type I diabetes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does mellitus refer to? |
|
Definition
| Sweet tasting urine in type I diabetes |
|
|
Term
| T/F Not all cells have a receptor for thyroid hormone. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are follicular cells? |
|
Definition
| Cells that reside in the thryoid that produce thyroid hormone (T3T4) |
|
|
Term
| What disorder is the most common cause of hypothyroidism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the target of Hashimoto's thyroiditis? What does this do? |
|
Definition
| Follicular cells; hampers production of T3T4, which regulates basal metabolic rate |
|
|
Term
| What disorder has manifestations that include weight gain, sluggishness, intolerance to cold, thinning of hair/nails, amenorrhea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of HS is myesthenia gravis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the target for myesthenia gravis. |
|
Definition
| Motor endplate nicotinic cholinergic receptors |
|
|
Term
| What does myasthenia gravis do to its target? |
|
Definition
| Decreases density of receptors on motor endplate, so muscle cell is more diffucult to excite |
|
|
Term
| What disorder includes manifestations of weakness and muscle fatigue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the treatments of myasthenia gravis? |
|
Definition
| Cholinesterase inhibitors, aversion of aggravating activities |
|
|
Term
| What are the two major forms of deficient immune responses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define a deficient immune response. |
|
Definition
| Not enough immune response; some piece of the response is missing; not enough of some component of the immune system. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the deficient immune responses is not very common? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define a primary deficient immune response. |
|
Definition
| Something that causes a direct change to a component of the immune system. |
|
|
Term
| List the 4 types of primary deficient immune responses. |
|
Definition
1. B-cell immunodeficiencies (BID)
2. T-cell immunodeficiencies (TID)
3. Combined immunodeficiencies (CID)
4. Severe combined immunodeficiencies (SCID) |
|
|
Term
| What is the least expensive, most well-tolerated antibody? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| BIDs have no affect on _____ function; this means that they are the (most/least) mild. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the main functions of B-cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| BIDs result in what 2 things? |
|
Definition
1. Low B-cell #
2. Low B-cell function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Agammaglobulinemia
2. Hypogammaglobulinemia
3. Transient hypogammaglobulinemia
4. Bruton agammaglobulinemia
5. Selective IgA deficiency |
|
|
Term
| Which BID involves a lack of any detectible antibodies in the plasma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which BID involves low antibodies in the plasma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which BID involves low antibodies until the individual begins to make their own? |
|
Definition
| Transient hypogammaglobulinemia |
|
|
Term
| Describe bruton agammaglobulinemia. |
|
Definition
| Results from a disorder in B-cell maturation; cannot get B-cells to make antibodies. |
|
|
Term
| Which BID is very mild and why? |
|
Definition
| Selective IgA deficiency; other 4 antibodies compensate |
|
|
Term
| What does selective IgA cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which 3 BIDs result in repeated infections? What is the treatment? |
|
Definition
1. Agammaglobulinemia
2. Hypogammaglobulinemia
3. Bruton agammaglobulinemia
Prophylactic antibiotics, antibodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transient hypogammaglobulinemia |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment of transient hypogammaglobulinemia? |
|
Definition
| Prophylactic antibiotics, antibodies until they produce their own |
|
|
Term
| What is a characteristic of T-cell immunodeficiencies (TIDs)? |
|
Definition
| Almost always affect B-cell function, but not B-cell # |
|
|
Term
| What important B-cell function do TIDs affect? |
|
Definition
| Presention of antigens to antibodies |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of a TID. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DiGeorge syndrome is what kind of disorder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does congenital mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DiGeorge syndrome is an inability to do what? What is the result? |
|
Definition
| Mature T-cells; thymus that is hypoplastic, absent, or in wrong location |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DiGeorge (is/is not) a type IV HS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DiGeorge syndrome results in _____ infections. Why? |
|
Definition
| Bad; low antibody function |
|
|
Term
| In DiGeorge syndrome, B-cell # is _____; antibody production _____; circulating T-cell # _____, so chances of an auto-immune _____. |
|
Definition
| Normal; decreases; increases; increase |
|
|
Term
| When is DiGeorge syndrome diagnosed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name another organ that is typically absent in DiGeorge syndrome. What is the result? |
|
Definition
| Parathyroid gland; hypocalcemia, hyperexcitability/tetanic muscle contractions |
|
|
Term
| T/F With DiGeorge syndrome, it is necessary to wait for repeated reactions in order to diagnose. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List 2 abnormalities (besides thymus and parathyroid) of DiGeorge syndrome. |
|
Definition
1. Facial
2. Urinary tract |
|
|
Term
| Describe the treatment for DiGeorge. |
|
Definition
| Prophylactic antibiotics, antibodies, parathyroid hormone |
|
|
Term
| What are CID and SCID classified as? What do they stand for? |
|
Definition
| Primary deficient immune response; combined immunodeficiency; severe combined immunodeficiency |
|
|
Term
| Define a secondary deficient immune response. |
|
Definition
| A side effect of something else. |
|
|
Term
| Which type of deficient immune response is most common? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List some examples of secondary deficient immune responses. |
|
Definition
1. Chemotherapy
2. Aging
3. AIDS
4. Type II diabetes |
|
|
Term
| In DiGeorges, what embyonic development is related to thymus abnormalities? |
|
Definition
| One of the feringeal arches in the embryo doesn't develop correctly |
|
|
Term
| Which HS is pernicious anemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is pernicious anemia caused by? |
|
Definition
| Lack of intrinsic factor. |
|
|
Term
| What is intrinsic factor? |
|
Definition
| Protein produced by the stomach that binds to B12 |
|
|
Term
| What is B12 necessary for? |
|
Definition
| Production of mature blood cells, maintenance of nerve cells |
|
|
Term
| What are the manifestations of pernicious anemia? |
|
Definition
| Anemia (fatigue, skin pallor), nerve damage (weakness, loss of sensation) |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for pernicious anemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which HS is Graves disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the target of Graves disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Graves disease results in what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the mechanism of Graves disease. |
|
Definition
| Make a thyroid timulating Ig called TSI, which like TSH, increases production of thyroid cells, but there's nothing to shut it off |
|
|
Term
| Graves disease causes the thyroid to produce too much _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List some manifestations of Graves disease. |
|
Definition
| Goiter, increased appetite, weight loss, exopthalmos, tachycardia |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for Graves disease? |
|
Definition
| Radioactive iodine, surgery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Results from wear and tear on weight-bearing joints |
|
|
Term
| Which HS is rheumatoid arthritis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define rheumatoid arthritis. |
|
Definition
| Long-term disease that leads to inflammation of joints and surrounding tissue |
|
|
Term
| What are the manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis? |
|
Definition
| Fatigue, joint pain, hand/foot/cervical spine deformities |
|
|
Term
| What is the target of rheumatoid arthritis? |
|
Definition
| Produce antibodies that target joint collagen |
|
|
Term
| Rheumatoid arthritis is a _____ inflammatory joint disorder. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Rheumatoid arthritis is not early onset. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis? |
|
Definition
| NSAIDs, corticosteroids, avoid aggravations |
|
|
Term
| Which HS is Addison's disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for Addison's disease? |
|
Definition
| Chronic adrenal insufficiency |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the adrenal glands in Addison's disease? |
|
Definition
| Produce insufficient aldosterone |
|
|
Term
| What is the target of Addison's disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Addison's disease is life-threatening. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List some manifestations of Addison's disease. |
|
Definition
| Orthostatic hypotension, dizziness, fatigue, muscle weakness |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for Addisons's disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which HS is systemic lupus erythematosus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism/target of systemic lupus erythematosus? |
|
Definition
| Abrnormal antibodies attack any tissue in the body |
|
|
Term
| List some manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. |
|
Definition
| Tiredness, skin rashes, sensitivity to light |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for systemic lupus erythematosus? |
|
Definition
| Anti-inflammatory drugs (corticosteroids) |
|
|
Term
| T/F Corticosteroids in any from are immunosuppressants. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of Psoriasis? |
|
Definition
| T-cells move to the dermis and trigger release of cytokins; causes inflammation and overproduction of skin cells |
|
|
Term
| What are the manifestations of psoriasis? |
|
Definition
| Red, scaly patches on the skin; itchy |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for psoriasis? |
|
Definition
| Topical steroid creams, low-dose corticosteroids, systemic immunosuppressants |
|
|
Term
| Which HS is immune complex glomerulonephritis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the target of immune complex gomerulonephritis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the mechanism of immune complex gomerulonephritis. |
|
Definition
| Antigen/antibody complexes not being destroyed by eosinophils; get stuck in kidney filters; cause immune response |
|
|
Term
| List the manifestations of immune complex glomerulonephritis. |
|
Definition
| Frequent urination, dark urine |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for immune complex glomerulonephritis? |
|
Definition
| Immunosuppresants, steroids |
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