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| Intangible property that is usually defined in operational terms |
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| thousands of chemical rxns in which cast number and variety of molecules interact to react |
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| Organized/Self-Sustatining Life |
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| atoms--> molecules--> macromolecules--> supramolecular complexes/metabolons--> organelles--> cells--> etc |
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| a bag of chemical rxns surrounded by a membrane that keeps the in in and the out out and allows for communication with the external environment |
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| linear structure of a gene contains the information for the three dimensional structure of a protein that interacts with other cellular components by structural complementarity |
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| evolves-mutations that increase an organisms ability to efficiently utilize energy and reproduce have an advantage |
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| 3 requirements for cells to survive |
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| Precursors, Energy, and Information |
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| a substance from which another is formed |
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| only the vital force of life could synthesize and utilize organic molecules |
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| Synthesized Urea by heating inorganic compound silver cyanate with ammonium chloride |
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| demonstrated that cell free listed of yeast cells could ferment sugar to ethanol- debunked vitalism |
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| described the role of enzymes as catalysts for the chemical rxns that occur within cells |
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| developed method for determining the amino acid sequence of proteins |
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| macromolecules in which multiple small molecules, monomers, are covalently linked by cellular machinery to form large complex molecules |
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| largest group of biopolymers. Linear polymers of the twenty naturally occurring amino acids |
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| Second largest group of biopolymers in terms of mass |
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| third in abundance within cell. Polymers of simple sugars, the monosaccharides. |
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| composed of only one monsaccharide, usually structural elements within plant cells and energy storage in all cells |
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| made up of a mixture of different monosaccharides: usually serve as recognition signals |
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| Smallest group of biopolymers within cells, however very divers. Polymers made from a few simple precursors. serve as energy depots within plants and animals and a major component of membranes |
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| London Forces/Induced Dipole Interactions |
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Definition
| weakest of the noncovalent interactions. as molecules continue to approach each other the dipoles between hem grow stronger. these induced dipoles continue to pull the molecules together until their individual electron clouds begin to overlap and repel each other. |
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| Nonpolar, hydrophobic molecules do not interact with water, but with each other. Large biopolymers with regions of hydrophobic structure will fold upon themselves bringing these hydrophobic regions into close contact with each other and isolating them from the bulk water of the cell. Stabilized by london forces after folding |
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| Dipole-Dipole Interactions |
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Definition
| when a very electronegative element binds to a loess electronegative element the bonding electrons are shared unevenly between the atoms and a permanent dipole is established. Polar groups, when in close proximity will be attracted to each other |
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| Van Der Waals Interactions |
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Definition
| London Forces, Hydrophobic Interactions, and Dipole-Dipole Interactions. Strongest when the participating atoms or functional groups are separated by their Van der Waals Radii |
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| Form between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom and a second electronegative atom that serves as the hydrogen bond acceptor |
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| Electrostatic Interactions (Ion Pairing Interactions, Salt Bridging) |
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| Biopolymers with ionizable groups of opposite charge in close proximity will be attracted to each other |
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| Formed when biopolymers interact with one another |
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| &0%. All rxns of biochemistry occur within aqueous environment. Can form a maximum of 4 hydrogen bonds with other water molecules "ice" liquid water forms an average of 2.5 bonds |
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| Ions are solvated and Polar molecules are hydrated. |
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| dipole-dipole interactions |
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| how water hydrates polar molecules |
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| forms when water interacts with non-polar hydrophobic molecules, surrounds the hydrophobic molecules shielding them from the bulk water |
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| Nature always moves toward _______ energy and _______ entropy |
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