Term
|
Definition
0-1e
A form of β radiation. An electron. One antineutrino is released as well. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
01e
A form of β radiation. A positron. One antineutrino is released as well. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An electron near the centre of the atom. Localized on their atoms; do not move or enter the light-absorption process. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An electron involved in covalent bonds. Can move freely along the molecule through covalent bonds. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Energy is transfered. Measured by a spectrophotometer. |
|
|
Term
| Absorption cross-section (σ) |
|
Definition
| The fraction of radiation absorbed per unit concentration per unit distance. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A graph of absorbance over a range of wavelegths. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ability to focus the crystalline lens in the eye to fous on objects of varying distances. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When the wavelength is exactly proportional to the size of a container, making a harmonic (first, second, et cetera). CAn be set up in any container, including rooms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ability of the eye to resolve small objects. Measured with a Snellen Chart. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Diffraction pattern. A ringed pattern that light maes when it passes through a small aperture. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
42He
A radioactive emission. Nucleus of helium atoms. Well-defined energies. High mass and charge makes them easy to shield against; a sheet of paper will suffice. Alpha-emitters are long-lived. Alpha particles travel in a straight line. Deposit energy near the end of their path. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cells under the ganglion cells in the eye. There are no amacrine cells in the fovea. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The unit that electric current is measured in. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The maximm distance that a mass can oscillate away from the equilibrium position. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Measured in radians per second. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The part of the eye in front of the ciliary muscle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A particle released along with β radiation. Shares some of the energy released. Lacks mass or charge, and travels very near the speed of light. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Positions in a standing wave where the maximum displacement occurs at various times. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A bone in the middle ear. Vibrated by the eardrum. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A transparent fluid that fills the crystalline lens. At higher pressure than the vitreous humor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When the eye cannot focus clearly on horizontal and vertical lines simultaneously. The surface of the cornea is not spherical; more sharply curved in one plane than another. There are two focus lengths. One image axis is in focus while the perpendicular axis is not. Corrected with cylindrical lenses that bring the two axis into coincidence. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
When energy is lost due to friction with air molecules. In this course we assume that there is no attenuation in waves.
Radiation diminishes in intensity with distance. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A part of the outer ear. A 2.5 cm long air-filled canal through which sound waves travel to the eardrum. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A part of the outer ear. The visible part of the ear that helps determine the direction of the source of sound, and guides sound waves into the auditory canal. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
aka Base membrane
A membrane between the two chambers in the cochlea. Vibrates when sound waves are in the cochlear fluid. The outer and inner hair cells are found in regions on the basilar membrane. When the membrane vibrates they stimulate the tectorial membrane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The frequency of loud periods in beats. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When interference alternates between destrictive and constructive at regular intervals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
aka Beer's Law
I(λ) = I0(λ)e-σCx = I0(λ)e-μx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The circumference of a bell is equal to one λ. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A ring-shaped chromophore with 6 π-electrons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A radioactive emission. Energy is on a continuous spectrum of energies from zero to a maximum. Travel about 3 meters in air or water. Can do damage to tissues. Easy to sheild against: a 1 cm sheet of plastic will suffice. Smaller mass than alpha particles more easily deviated form their path. Includes β- and β+ particles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When a person has one frequency played in one ear and a different frequency played in the other, even through the two sound waves do not come into contact, the person can hear the beats that would have occured between the two waves. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Two eyes perceiving slightly different images and the brain meshing the images together to give depth perception. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Having two eyes. In humans, the field of view of the eyes overlaps for 170º. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The time it takes for a body to expel by excretion, perspiration, exhalation, etc. half of a substance from the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cells in the eye which have contact with ganglion, amacrine, and horizontal cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Light emitted from very hot objects. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The production and detection of 14C to determine the age of an object. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Refractive index differs slightly with the wavelength of light. Eyes naturaly experience chromatic aberration but we are unaffected by it. Higher in dim light when we are more sensitive to blue-green. Double lenses may be used to compensate for various wavelengths. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Part of the eye. Attached to the crystalline lens. Divides the eye into the anterior chamber and posterior chamber. Dilates the crystalline lense to focus the lens, giving accommodation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A snail shell-shaped chamber of the inner ear. There are two fluid-filled chambers within, one that ends in the oval window and the other with the round window. The chambers are separated by the Reissner's membrane, basilar membrane, and tectorial membrane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The SI unit for electrical charge. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Uses two lenses to view cell-sized structures. Produces a virtual, inverted, and greatly magnified image. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| At high energies, energy collides with an electron, sending it away at angle θ, and bouncing of at angle Φ with less energy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Materials with low resistivity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cone-shaped photoreceptor cells in the retina. In the fovea they respond best to red (575 nm) and green (545 nm) light and are responsible for photopic vision. In the peripheral retina they respond best to blue (450 nm) light and are responsible for scotopic vision. |
|
|
Term
| Constructive interference |
|
Definition
| When the crests and troughs of the two waves in a standing wave coincide with one nother. They add together, forming supercrests and supertroughs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A slight bulge on the front of the eye where light enters. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A maximum point in a wave. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Part of an eye. The space between the cornea and the rest of the eye. Filled with aqueous humor. The anterior edge has a radius of curvature of 10 mm. The posterior surface has a radius of curvature of 6 mm. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
aka Positive lens
Power is positive. Thicker in the centre than at the edges. Corrects hypermetropia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Current per unit area flowing across a surface that is at right angles to the flow. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Molecules where π-electrons can go either way around a ring (sine and cosine), so there can be 4 electrons in each n level, except for n = 0, which can only have 2. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Corrects astigmatism. A lens that has no curvature in one plane, and sufficient curvature in another plane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| SHM with friction. The amplitude decreases over time, but the period stays constant. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The probability that a nucleus will decay within a unit of time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The unit that intensity level is measured in. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The mass density of a substance. Measured in kilograms per meter cubed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When the crests and troughs of the two waves in a standing wave cancel each other out. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A component of a spectrophotometer. A photocell, photodiode, or photomultiplier that produces electrical curent proprtional to the power of light falling on it, and displays this on a meter or records it on a computer as an absorbance or percent transmittance. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A dimensionless quantity that is a property of the material where E is measured. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The bending of light by obstacles. Occurs when light passes through small apertures. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of monochromator. A mirror with fine grooves that spreads light according to wavelength. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The unit that optical power is measured in. The value for power when r is measured in meters. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
aka Negative lens
Power is negative. Thinner in the centre than at the edges. Corrects myopia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The amount of energy deposited by radiation per unit mass. Expressed in grays or ra. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organization of the retina into two functional regions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The organ that detects sound waves and produces neural signals that are interprested by the brain, giving the perception of sound. Includes the outer ear, middle ear, and inner ear. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
aka Tympanic membrane
A part of the outer ear. Vibrates when hit with sound waves, moving the bones of the middle ear. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The physical decay constant plus the biological decay constant. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The dose of radiation, taking into account the sensitivity of tissues. |
|
|
Term
| Einstein's photoelectric equaion |
|
Definition
| Vs = (hf / e) - (Φ / e), if f ≥ 0 |
|
|
Term
| Elastic potential energy (U) |
|
Definition
| The energy stored in an object as a result of twisting, stretching, or compressing. Example: energy stored in a spring. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Measured in amperes. The force developed between parallel wires carrying a specific current. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The forces exerted betwen two separate charges.
E = (k |q|) / (Kr2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
V = kq/Kr
Measured in volts. |
|
|
Term
| Electric potential energy |
|
Definition
| Equal to the work done to displace charged particles in an electric field. |
|
|
Term
| Electromagnetic (EM) wave |
|
Definition
aka Light
A transverse wave of electric and magnetic fields, generated when electric charges are accelerated. No material particle is involved. Can carry energy through a vacuum, including outer space. In a vacuum EM waves travel at c, 3.998 x 108 m/s. Electric and magnetic waves are transverse waves perpendicular to each other and to the direction of travel. |
|
|
Term
| Electron-positron pair production |
|
Definition
| A gamma ray with at least 1.02 MeV of energy produces an electron and a positron. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Electrons have two possible states, symbolized by the spin quantum number: -½ or +½. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A unit of energy equal to 1.602 x 10-19 J. The kinetic energy acquired by a single electron startnig from rest an accelerating through a potential differene of one volt. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A diagram of lines each representing an n state, with up to 2 arrows in each level representing electrons in each n state. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Power over time. Measured in Joules. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The energy per molecule, multiplied by the numer of molecules per unit volume. Measured in joules per meters cubed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An electronic state diagram where the electrons' energies are represented to scale. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
x = 0
The resting position of an object in SHM. At this point, no force is being exerted on the mass. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The measure of biological damage of radiation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When the image has a right-side-up orientation compared to the object. Magnification is positive. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Higher in electronic state. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| States in which one or more of the electrons do not have their lowest n value. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The object distance farthest from the eye for which the image can be clearly brought into focus on the retina. In a normal eye it is infinity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
When there is one node in a standing wave.
For a double-open ended pipe, λ = 2(length)
For a blocked pipe, λ = 2(length) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When a molecule has vibrational relaxation, it radiates a photon with energy hf. Energy of the photon is equal to or less than the energy of the absorbed photon. The wavelength is longer than the absorbed light. Takes about 10-7 seconds. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The position where the image is formed of a very ditant object (p → ∞). A property of a lens. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Force per unit of displacement of a spring. Always positive. Stiffer springs have a higher number than loose springs. Measured in Newtons per meter (N/m). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Oscillation where the force on the object varies periodically. The period of the force determines the frequency of oscillation; can be any frequency. If the frequency is not the resonance frequency, it is difficult to have a large amplitude. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any periodic wave function can be made from a sum of sine and cosine waves. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The spot on the retina where the visual axis hits the retina. Has high acuity of vision. Responsible for focusing on objects closely. Contains only cone cells, and lacks horizontal and amacrine cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When a molecule makes a tansition to a higher electronic state, it usually also makes a transition to a higher vibrational state. It heats up. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| H and OH molecules created when radiation hits a water molecule. Very chemically reactive. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The number of complete oscillatons occurring in one second. Measured in Hertz (s-1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Causes dampened harmonic motion. If friction is strong, the object will not oscillate, just return to equilibrium position. |
|
|
Term
| Fundamental vibrational transition |
|
Definition
| The v=0 → v=1 transition in vibrational levels. Absorbs the wavelength for vibration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A radioactive emission. Electromagnetic wave of a very short wavelength. High energy; around 1 MeV. After alpha or beta particle emission, the nucleus is left with excess energy which is emitted as a gamma ray. Hard to protect from; several centimeters of lead would suffice. Penetration depth and range does not apply. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
λ = 10-12 m
aka Ionizing radiation
eM waves with the shortest wavelength and highest energy. Can produce significant damage in living systems at the molecular level. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Located at the surface of the retina where light first hits. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The unit that radiation dose is measured in.
1 Gy = 1 J/kg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The electron configuration of the lowest energy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The time for any given starting amount to decrease to half of that amount. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A bone in the middle ear. Vibrated by the eardrum. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Located under the ganglion cells in the eye. There are no horizontal cells in the fovea. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Higher in vibrational state. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
aka Far-sightedness
Sharp images of objects fall beyond the retina. The near point is greater than 25 cm. Corrected with a positive power. Sometimes lenses of differing powers are needed for distant, intermediate, and close-up objects. Bifocal and trifocal lenses may be used. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Positive when the direction from the optical surface to the images is with the flow of light. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When two objects are oscillating with the same period and phase angle and pass through equilibrium position at the same tie. Amplitudes may differ. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
10-7m < λ < 10-3m
aka Heat radiation
EM waves. Will denature proteins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Where neural signals originate in the ear. Includes the cochlea. Vibrations come in through the oval window. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Materials with high resistivity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The power of a wave carried across a unit of area. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A logarithmic scale for intensity. Measured in decibels. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Waves interacting with destructive or constructive interference. May create beats. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Intensity is inversely correlated with distance from the source of sound. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Magnification is negative. When the image has an upside-down orientation to the object. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| X-ray or gamma-ray radiation. So energetic that they break molecular bonds. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Part of the eye in front of the cornea. Adjusts the amount of light entering the eye. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A unit that energy is measured in. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The total change in electric potential around any closed loop in a circuit is zero. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The total current entering a point in a circuit must equal the total current leaving the point. |
|
|
Term
| Lateral geniculate nucleus |
|
Definition
| The area of the brain that the optic nerve is attached to. |
|
|
Term
| Linear absorption coefficient (μ) |
|
Definition
μ = σC
The fraction of radiation absorbed per unit distance. |
|
|
Term
| Linear attenuation coefficient (μ) |
|
Definition
| A parameter that includes the effects of scattering and absorption. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| There can be two electrons per n level. |
|
|
Term
| Linear energy transfer (LET) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A wave where the oscillation occurs parallel to the diretion of travel. Example: a sound wave. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The intensity of sound as percieved by human ears. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The relation between object size and image size. Positive when the image is erect. Negative when the image is inverted. |
|
|
Term
| Mass attenuation coefficient (μmρ) |
|
Definition
| The linear attenuation coefficeint in a substance with density ρ. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A unit that position is measured in. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Radio waves with lower wavelengths, close to λ = 1 mm. Will heat water. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Includes the bones the hammer, anvil, and stirrup, and the oval window. Acts as a pressure amplifier. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A component of a spectrophotometer. Allows a narrow band of wavelengths to pass through. Commonly uses a diffraction grating. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
aka Near-sightedness
Sharp images of objects fall in front of the retina. Corrected with a lens with a negative power. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The object distance closest to the eye for which an image can be clearly brought into focus on the retina. In normal eyes it is about 25 cm. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A unit that force is measured in. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Positions in a standing wave where there is no displacement at any time. Distance betwen nodes is ½λ. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A right angle from the interface between two transparent substances. Angles in calculations are in relation to the normal. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
n sin θ
A characteristic of a lens. A factor in calculating the resolvable separation of microscopes. Good microscope objective lenses have a numerical aperture of 0.5. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Positive when the direction from the optical suraface to the object is against the flow of light. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1 Ω = V/A
The SI unit of resistance. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When a material has a constant resistance. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Where the nerve fibres in the retina converge. 15º below the fovea. Lacks photoreceptors, creating a blind spot. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Outer and inner hair cells |
|
Definition
| Hairs anchored to the basilar membrane so that the tips are close to the tectorial membrane. Vibrations in different regions create neural signals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
aka External ear
Includes the auricle, auditory canal, and the eardrum. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Light-sensitive parts of photoreceptor cells in the retina. Face towards the pigment epithelium. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Part of the middle ear. Vibrations are translated into the inner ear. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When there is no overlap between the field of view of hte two eyes. Chameleons, for example, have panoramic vision. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A circuit where the current flows through all resistors at once. |
|
|
Term
| Pauli Exclusion Principle |
|
Definition
| In a given molecule, no two electrons may share the exact same quantum numbers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An example of harmonic motion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ability to accurately identify the frequencies of sounds. Most humans can only determine the relation of one pitch to another. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The time of one complete oscillation. Measured in seconds. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The part of the retina far from the fovea. Responsible for peripheral vision. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A dimensionless constant. Depends on the point in the cycle where t is arbitrarily chosen to be zero.
When t = 0, δ = 0
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When a molecule enters triplet state, the molecule must wait for the electron to flip spin number before it can have vibrational relaxation and fluorescence. The photon released has much lower energy and longer wavelength than the absorbed photon. Takes much longer than fluorescence. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| EM waves causing electrons to be ejected from a metal. Energy interacts with an orbital electron, ejecting it with an energy equal to the difference between gamma ray energy and the electron's binding energy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
aka Quanta
An indivisible lump of a light wave. Has differing amonts of energy, depending on the wavelength of light. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
aka Day vision
Can sense colour. Cone cells in the fovea are responsible for photopic vision. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Found in the retina of the eye. Include rods and cones. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A light absorbing black layer below the retina. In cats and other animals it is reflective, causing their eyes to appear to light up when a light is shone on their eyes in the dark. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| If closed off at one end, a pipe has acoustic standing waves; a node occurs at the closed end and an antinode at the open end. The length of the tube is ¼λ. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The frequency of sound as perceived by human ears. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Light that has been sorted so that there are only EM waves of a specific polarization. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Waves that travel only in one direction. Intensity is a constant. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The direction in space in which the electric field vector of an EM wave is pointing. Some insects can sense the polarization of light. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A ring-shaped chromophore with 20 π-electrons. Found in chlorophyll, hemoglobin, myoglobin, and others. Bond length = 0.12 nm. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Determines the direction of an electric field vector. Exposed to a positive charge. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The part of the eye behind the ciliary muscle. Filled with vitreous humor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Energy over time. Measured in Watts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A measure of the focusing ability of a lens. Measured in diopters. A positive number indicates a converging lens, and a negative number indicates a diverging lens. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A hardening of the crystalline lens as a person ages, reducing ability of accommodation. |
|
|
Term
| Principle of wave of superposition |
|
Definition
| The displacement of a standing wave is the sum of the displacements of the two waves y1 and y2. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The likelihood that an electron will be found in a certain range. Related to the wave function. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
aka Relative biological effectiveness (RBE)
aka Radiation weighting factor (wR)
The quantity that accounts for the difference in relative effect of radiation. Equal or greater than 1. A unitless multiplication factor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Radiation has properties of a wave during propagation and properties of a particle when emitted from atoms. It is both a wave and a particle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Specifies the number of electron half-wavelengths that appear in a box.
1, 2, 3, ... |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The interaction of EM waves with atoms and molecules. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1 rad = 0.01 J/kg
A unit dose is measured in. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A unitless measure of an angle. One radian occurs when the arc of a section of a circle is equal to the radius of the circle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Includes alpha, beta, and gamma. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A series of particles that nuclei turn into before reaching stability. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
λ > 10-3m
EM waves. Includes microwaves. Larger wavelengths are used for communications. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Positive when the direction from the centre of curvature of the surface is with the flow of light. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When q is positive. Results when the rays from the object actually converge at the image. Can be seen as well as caught on a screen. Example: campera, projector, eye. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The eye, assumed to be a single optical surface of variable power with air on one side and a uniform medium of 1.34 fluid on the other. Object distance is measured from 1.7 mm behind the surface of the eye. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Light bounces off a sufrace. Angle of incidience is the same as the angle of reflection. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Light passes between two different transparent substances. The angle of incidence is not the same as the angle of refraction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A constant for all transparent substances. Used in calculating the angle of refraction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A membrane between the two chambers in the cochlea. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A property of a material. Measured in Ω•m. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Two diffraction patterns that can be distinguished. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Forced harmonic motion where the frequency is the same as the resonnce frequency. Easy to have a large amplitude. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The frequency that an object oscillates at in SHM. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The force that returns an object in SHM back to equilibrium position. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A layer of photoreceptor cells, nerve cells, and nerve fibres at the back of the eye. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A membrane protein found on the discs of rod photoreceptor cells. Made from the glycoprotein opsin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rod-shaped photoreceptor cells in the retina. In the peripheral retina they respond best to yellow light and are responisble for scotopic vision. 1 μm in diameter at the base where it is photosensitive. Filled with folded phospholipid bilayer membrane discs. Rod is 25 μm long and has around 900 discs. Has visual pigment and rhodopsin on the membranes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A window in the cochlea that is flexible. Prevents damage from high pressures. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Quantity with magnitude and no direction. Example: time, temperature, speed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The propagation direction is changed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A white layer that surrounds the entire eyeball. The radius of curvature of a typical adult eyeball is 8.0 mm. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
aka Night-vision
Colour-blind. Cone and rod cells on the peripheral retina are responsible for scotopic vision. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
When there are two nodes.
For a double open-ended pipe, λ = length
For a stopped pipe, λ = ¾(length) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When a chromophore absorbs light, an electron can only be elevated or de-elevated in n level by 1. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Materials with intermediate resistivity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A circuit where the current lows through a number of resistors one by one. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Electron spin does not change during electron transition. |
|
|
Term
| Simple harmonic motion (SHM) |
|
Definition
| When an object undergoes back-and-forth oscillating motion when displaced from equilibrium. Example: mass on a spring. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A tool used by ophthlamologists to measure the acuity of pathients. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A device which measures the absorbance of sampels. Includes a light source, monochromator, sample chamber, and detector. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Waves that originate from a source and expand outwards in a sphere, like sound waves. The intensity is dependent on distance. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tells the spin direction of an electron. Either +½, spin up (↑), or -½, spin down (↓). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
aka Stationary wave
When two waves of the same wavelength travel in opposite directions through the same medium. Often one wave is the reflection of the other. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A bone in the middle ear. Vibrated by the eardrum. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A pipe that is closed at one end, such as the pipes in a pipe organ. An antinode occurs at the open end. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the photoelectric effect, the absolute number of volts above which no more electrons are emitted, even when the intensity of light is increased. Depends on the type of metal and the frequency of light. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The vibrating strings of stringed musical instrument (violin, guitar, et cetera), are standing waves that have n number of nodes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A high ampliltude crest formed when there is constructive interference in a standing wave. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A high amplitude trough formed when there is constructive interference in a standing wave. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A membrane between the two chambers in the cochlea. Protects the basilar membrane. The outer and inner hairs stimulate it in different regions for differen pithces, making neural signals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| P = (1/p) + (1/q) = (1/f) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the photoelectric effect, the frequency of EM radiation below which no electrons are emitted, regardless of the intensity of radiation. |
|
|
Term
| Tissue weighting factor (wT) |
|
Definition
| Used in calculating effective dose. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The amount of light absorbed by a substance. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A wave where the oscillation occurs perpendicular to the direction of travel. Example: a wave on the surface of water. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A disturbance which moves through space carrying energy without bulk forward movement of matter. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When the electron flips spin number when excied. It now canno have vibrational relaxation. There is phosphorescence. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
3H
A radioactive isotope of hydrogen found in trace quantities in water. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A minimum point in a wave. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
10-9m < λ < 4 x 10-7m
Some of these waves are part of the solar spectrum. Can damage the external cells of the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When there is all possible polarisations of EM waves present. Most light is unpolarised. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Two diffraction patterns that cannot be distinguished. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Quantity with magnitude and direction. The magnitude is always positive. Example: force, velocity, acceleration, electric fields. Denoted by an arrow above the symbol. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Distance divided by time. Measured in meters per second. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The transition to a lower vibrational state. Has fluorescence. |
|
|
Term
| Vibrational selection rule |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When q is negative. All light rays diverge in the image space, but seem to originate from the image. Can be seen but not caught on a screen. Example: mirror. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
4 x 10-7 m < λ < 7.5 x 10-7 m
EM waves. A narrow region of the EM spectrum tha thas the correct wavelength to stimulate hte photochemical reactions in human vision. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
aka Optic axis
The normal of the eye. Extends through the cornea to the geometric centre of the sphere. Hits the fovea. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
aka Visual purple
A membrane protein found on the discs of a rod photoreceptor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A transparent fluid in the posterior chamber of the eye. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1 V = 1 J/C
A unit that measures electrical potential. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Electric potential difference. Measured experimentally. When the amount of work done while moving one Coloumb of charge from one point to another is exactly one J. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A unit that electrical power is measured in. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An energy-carrying disturbance. Produces oscillations and vibrations. Matter does not move; only energy. Waves can be deflected and can interfere with each other. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Represents a wave. Related to probability density. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
aka Wave vector
2π/λ
Measured in m-1. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The distance between two successive crests or troughs in a wave. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The minmum energy required to unbind an electron from a metal. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
10-12 m < λ < 10-9 m
EM waves. Ionizing radaiton. Iportant for medical diagnosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Where E = ½hf
The loest energy level of a molecule. |
|
|
