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| How can tradition, authority, and personal experience (ways of thinking) contribute to what we know? |
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Definition
| These ways of knowing shape our reality and give us a unique perspective on life. |
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Term
| How can the "ways of thinking" hinder further human inquiry? |
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Definition
| The sources of our information could be incorrect or biased. Also, we can form our own biases from what we know, or think we know, of experience, authority, and traditions. |
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| Science is an empiracle way of knowing. |
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Term
What does this phrase mean...
"Scientific claims must have both logical and empirical support." |
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Definition
| It means that scientific claims must be testable, they must make sense, and they need to have evidence to support the claim. |
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Looks at logical consistency.
"Will the means achieve the desired end?" |
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Scients should avoid this. Ideology.
"What you should do." |
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| Generalizing about others who are different from the research population. |
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| Drawn to answers that support pre-existing beliefs. |
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| Wrongly remembering or recording information. |
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| Using reasonings or coming to conclusions that are not logical. |
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| Resistance to new or better ideas because of faith, tradition, etc. |
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Identifies characteristics of an observed phenomenon.
ex)population census |
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Definition
Type of research conducted because a problem has not been clearly defined.
It helps determine the best research design, data collection method and selection of subjects. |
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Uses experimental designs, uses most rigorous of all the research designs.
Explains why research question is happening. |
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| Research that measures the effectivness of a program. |
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| Studies things in their natural settings, attempting to interpret, phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them. |
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Definition
| The use of sampling techniques to collect data. |
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Term
| Negatives about Qualitative Research |
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Definition
1.Research bias
2.Study group may not represent larger population.
3. Analysis can be biased.
4. If researcher is present results may be skewed. |
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Term
| Negatives about Quantitative Research |
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Definition
1. Collects more narrow dataset.
2. Research happens in unnatural enviroment.
3. Results provide numerical description rather than detailed accounts. |
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Definition
| Used for increasing knowledge |
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| How much a measure measures what we think it measures. |
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| External Validity (Generalizability) |
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Definition
| Extent to which one set of findings applies to another unstudied group. |
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| Internal Validity (Casual) |
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Definition
| Extent to which you known one variable causes another. |
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Definition
| Findings accurately reflect the reality of the participants in the study. |
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Term
| Criteria for suitable research question |
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Definition
1. Feasible - Capable of being answered
2. Clear - Specific terms
3. Significant - Advances knowledge in field
4. Ethical - Protects participants from harm |
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Definition
| Logical explanation of ongoing phenomenon throughout the empirical world. |
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Data to Theory.
Using data to come up with theory. |
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Theory to Data.
Using theory to find data. |
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Definition
Theory -> Hypotheses -> Empirical Generalizations
-Hypothesis is deduced from theory
T.H.E.G. |
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| A question derived from general theory involving the relationship between two or more variables. |
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| When both variables go in the same direction. |
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| When both variables go in the opposite direction. |
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The cause.
i.e)Stays pretty consistant. |
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Definition
The effect.
i.e)What can be manipulated. |
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Definition
| Units of analysis which vary. |
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| To relate to a particular cause |
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Definition
Belief in an objective reality that exists apart from our own perceptions.
-traditional research philosophy. |
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Definition
| Belief in objective reality with skepticism of human ability of studying. |
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| Interpretivism (Constructivism) |
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Definition
| Reality is socially constructed and the goal of science is to understand how people give meaning to their realities. |
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Term
| Three critera required to infer casual relationship |
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Definition
1. Correlation is needed - needs to be a relationship/association.
2. Temporal Order - determine which event came first.
3. Nonspurriousness - need to eliminate rival hypothesis. |
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What is right or wrong.
Moral philosophy. |
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Term
| How are ethics determined? |
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Definition
By social standards of what is right vs. wrong.
By an ethical guideline provided by the facility where the researcher is employed. |
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| What makes things right or wrong. |
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| Concerned with the meaning of ethical judgements. |
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| Apply ethical theory to real life situations. |
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When subject volunteers to participate.
Needs to understand all aspects of the study first. |
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Researcher should not inflict subject with physical or psychological harm.
If harm is inflicted the researcher should provide resources for the subject to use. |
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| Researchers may need to use deception for sensitive topics. |
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| When the reseacher has no idea who the subject is. |
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| When the reseacher knows who the subject is but cannot/does not tell anyone. |
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Definition
| Ethical constraints might restrict a researcher's access. |
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