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| Fourth Caliph, member of Banu Hashim clan, cousin and son-in-law to Muhammad, son of Abu Talib (leader of Banu Hashim, uncle of Muhammad) |
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| Battle between Ali and Aisha (widow of Muhammad, who wanted revenge for Uthman's assassination). Ali's forces attack hers, which defend her as she sits atop a camel. Ali forgives Aisha at the end. |
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| Unanimous consensus across the entirety fo the jurist population. An accepted source of law. |
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| Determining law based on analogy between something in our modern world and something that is mentioned int eh Qur'an (think crack and wine). |
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| Started the Umayyad dynasty |
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| First Muslim empire. Came to power under Uthman (3rd caliph). Came from Mecca. Capital in Damascus. Shari'ah developed in opposition to them. |
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| Overthrew Umayyad dynasty. Capital in Baghdad. |
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| God's will as it exists in the divine mind. (Literally means path to the watering hole). |
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| Human attempt to understand the divine will. Known with shari'ah, collectively, as Muslim law. Different schools of law can have different Fiqh, but to them it is Shari'ah (otherwise they wouldn't believe it to be their Fiqh). |
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| The chief administrator of the community. Word derives from "successor." |
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| Between Ali and Mu'awiyah over the caliphate. From this battle, we get the emergence of the Kharijites. Dynastic rule changed with Ali’s death. We see political and theological divisions. Also see changes in the way Quran and Sunna are understood. |
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| "Acquisition." You have a choice but the power comes from God to follow through on it. |
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| rationalist "regime of reasoning" |
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| written "reports" of the words and deeds of Muhammad. The form under which the Sunna can be classified. |
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| What the Prophet wanted to establish as normative practice (i.e. when and how to pray). Normative practices defined by the Prophet's words, deeds, tacit approvals, and interpretations of the Qur'an. |
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| Chain of transmission, used to find out how legitimate a hadith might be. |
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| Canonical Collections of Sunni Hadith |
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| Sahih Bukhari, Sahih Muslim, Sunan al-Sughra, Sunan Abu Dawood, jamri al-Tirmidhi, Sunan ibn Majah |
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| the categorizations of hadith. Shahih/Hassan/Da'if |
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| Forbidden, Discouraged, Neutral, Recommended, and Obligatory |
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| The means by which you can be sure that the Qur'an and Sunna are true. Diffuse congruence (the same story came out of many locations and from many sources) |
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| Singularly isolated (authoritative sources that are limited in scope). Could be falsifiable. |
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| 1. Shahadah (there is no god but God, and Muhammad is his prophet) 2. Prayer (5 times per day in the direction of Mecca) 3. Alms (on surplus income; for wealthy to charitably assist poor) 4. Fasting (month of Ramadan; no food drink, intimate activities) 5. Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in lifetime unless it is impossible to afford) |
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| Rejection of revealed religion (not necessarily atheist). Rejected Prophethood. Believed in dualist system. |
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| shahadah/testimony to faith, books angels, belief in prophets, the hereafter, and predestination |
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| Abû Bakr Muhammad b. Zakariya al-Râzî |
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Arabicized Persian who argued that God is likely a demiurge.
God did not create fundamental matter. He simply fashions the things that we know in existence out of that matter. Not necessarily an atheist (demiurge), but rejects Prophethood and religion. |
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| Divine goodness/justice defining characteristic. Humans must have free will. Without that, God would be implicated in the evil deeds of human beings. That cannot be. Free will must have choice and the power to translate that choice into action. We have all the power I’ll ever need to carry out any choice I’ll ever make (we have a power pack that allows us that). Say I can know good and evil via reason, independent of God. |
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| The most influential school of rationalism. Defining character of God is Power. They exhibit occasionalism…assumes that the linkage between both cause and effect and mental and bodily events results from God's continuous intervention. I do not have the independent power to translate those things into actuality. That power comes from God on the occasion of my choosing. |
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| Primary attribute of God is hikmah, or reason. God takes the long view. |
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| The Incoherence of the Philosophers |
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| Ghazali condemned them as Unbelievers/Kafir. The connections to Aristotle and others were too non-Muslim for him. |
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| The Incoherence of the Incoherence |
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| Ibn Rushd attempts a refutation of Ghazali's work. Ultimately fails. |
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| Inquisition. The Qur’an for the Mu’tazilites had to be created. On the one hand, God actually speaks the Qur’an. On the other, God simply creates it. In this case, it becomes fundamentally separate from God. They went to the Abbasid rulers and asked the question of “Is the Qur’an created?” or “is the Qur’an uncreated?” Only those who were willing to concede that the Qur’an was uncreated were left unmolested. |
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| Primordial disposition (innate tendency); claim of the traditionalists (use rather than the system of reasoning). |
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| patron saint of traditionalism and founder of the Hanbali school of law. Weathered the Mihnah. |
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| Traditionalist theologian, probably the most famous after Ibn Hanbal |
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| Asharite theologian, possibly most famous after Muhammad. Wrote the Incoherence of the Philosophers |
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| Mu'tazlilite 5 Principles |
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| Monotheism, Divine Justice, Promise and Threat (in afterlife), Status between the two statuses (for a believer in grave sin if dead), command good/forbid evil |
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Hellenistic thought, emanationism, the basis for falsafah.
All things are derived from the first reality or perfect God by steps of degradation to lesser degrees of the first reality or God, and at every step the emanating beings are less pure, less perfect, less divine |
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He is the most influential philosopher in the history of Islam.
Prophethood was just a perfection of realization that humans can attain. People who rose to the level of receiving knowledge from the Ancient Intellect. Very different notion of prophethood. This makes the Sunna unreliable. |
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| Wrote the Incoherence of the Incoherence |
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| Bodily resurrection. Physical heaven/hell. |
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| Spiritual or Intellectual return to the One. Hell is attempting to detach but being unable to do so. Annihilation is the ignorance of the one and not even trying to detach. |
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| HaMaSH. Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i, and Hanbali. |
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| following precedent set forth by a mujtahid (scholar who interprets Sharia) |
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| Independent reasoning/interpretation of the sources of the law (there is nothing standing between the individual and the sources) |
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| Four Agreed-Upon Sources of Islamic Law |
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| Qur'an, Sunna, Qiyas, and Ijma |
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| A Kafir is one who rejects the prophethood of Muhammad (esp. the implications that go along with acknowledging God). Kufr literally means “cover-up” (the night was also called Kufir). The presumption is you reject the implications of that submission (unwilling to give up what God said you must). |
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| Do the 5 pillars/Believe the Tenets of Faith/Have the right intentions behind your actions (act as if Allah is watching) |
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| The recitation vs. the actual text. |
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| Hidjra (flight to medina from Mecca) |
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| Death/Ascension of Muhammad |
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| Muhammad's (which then gets passed on to the community of jurists) infallibility in interpreting the Qur'an |
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| Figurative interpretation of Qur'an as espoused by the Rationalists |
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| Oneness of Rabb/ilah or Creator/Object of Devotion |
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| Neoplatonic system inherited from the Greeks that said the universe was not so much created as emanated from God's intellects' contemplation of each other. |
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| According to al-Farabi, The Agent Intellect has a special relationship over the Sublunary world and can give special illumination (primary first principles, universals: geometry, ethics (behavior) metaphysics (science of being)) if they have risen to rational state. |
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| one of the Falsafah. Put Neoplatonism/emanationism on the map. |
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| another Philosopher, though not quite as into Neoplatonism. With al-Farabi and Ibn Sina, the main proponent of Falsafah. |
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| People who left Mecca to go to medina with the Prophet. |
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| Native Medinese who accepted. |
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| Tribe is the larger scale group that forms when clans become too larger. |
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| Pre-Islamic Arabia (the age of Ignorance) |
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| There is no God but God and Muhammad is his Prophet |
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| Equity. The standard law may be deviated from in times of hardship and absolute necessity. This is not only disputed in method, but different jurists could claim things were different in terms of what is a hardship |
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| Public Utility. Trying to preserved the fundamental/broader aims/objectives/interests of the law. Where the law-giver is vague or silent, but the issue at hand touches on some of these broader aims, the community must create laws to protect the priorities. Think speed limits (we need a law to preserve life) |
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| Custom. Where law is silent on specifics (think must provide a house for a wife, but what kind?), custom of the land around the Muslim must prevail so long as it does not conflict with law. |
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| Proof (for every claim made regarding the rightness/justice of a law, presumably from the Sunna or Qur'an). |
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