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| 4 Subfields of Anthropology |
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Definition
| Biological, Linguistics, Archaeology, Cultural |
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| 4 Subfields of Biological Anthropology |
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Definition
| Forensic, Osteoarchaeology, Primatology, Physical |
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| Working at crime scenes; a recent development |
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| Study of bones in archaeological contexts |
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| Study of non-human primates, our closest relatives |
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| Study of human biological evolution --> human traits |
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| What is Linguistic Anthropology? |
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| the study of languages, both past and present, and their physical evolution and cultural evolution |
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| Study of past human cultures and societies from their material remains (garbage), which are recovered through excavation |
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| Study of past human cultures and societies from their material remains (garbage), which are recovered through excavation |
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| Live among non-western groups to understand the way they consume and their garbage --> patterns of material |
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Cultural Resource Management
The archaeology ahead of the disturbance caused by municipal, state and federal development (ex: before the Big Dig) |
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| What is Cultural Anthropology? |
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Definition
AKA Social Anthropology
The study of human culture and society |
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Definition
Traditions and customs that are transmitted through learning and that guide the behaviors and beliefs of the people who are exposed to them
Culture is not static-- it's constantly changing, adapting, evolving and being re-invented |
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Term
| What 2 natural urges are most pronounced through culture? |
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Definition
| Eating and eliminating waste |
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Term
| 2 Branches of Cultural Anthropology |
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Definition
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Definition
First hand study of an individual living culture
On location research utilizing participant observation
Results in a book |
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Definition
You go and live with some group of people you want to study
You participate in their culture, while constantly observing |
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Definition
| Compare cultures using ethnographic data (books, previous research) in order to derive general principles of human behavior-- cross cultural synthesis |
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20th century Anthropologist
Main advocate of long-term field research --> immerse yourself in the culture you are studying |
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All cultures and ways of dealing with the natural world are equal
We cannot project our cultural biases onto others if we want to understand them |
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| The idea that your culture and cultural perspective (your way of life) is the correct, legitimate way of living |
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| Ethnocentrism can lead to which 2 things |
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Definition
Extreme nationalism
Arrogance of the Present |
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Definition
| Thinking we are the best in this time in history |
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| Idea that there is a realm of justice and morality beyond and superior to a particular country, culture and religion. Human rights apply to the individual and include the right to speak freely, to hold religious beliefs without persecution, and not be murdered, injured or enslanved |
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Term
| Human rights go beyond a nation's law and as a result they are ____ |
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Definition
| inalienable-- they exist unto themselves --> they cannot be terminated or exchanged |
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Definition
Recent --> focus on the right of a cultural group (rather than the individual)
Developed out of the indigenous right
A cultural group's ability to continue its language, raise its children as it sees fit to, in the traditional methods and not be deprived of its economic base by the ruling nation
Ex: whaling |
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| Human rights vs cultural rights: Are they incompatible |
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Definition
| Ex: genitalia modification |
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The effect of one's environment on their culture
Ex: water irrigation-- the control over water and water access has been central to every civilization |
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Definition
| Learning of culture. Teaching ways of behavior to our children, new immigrants, freshmen |
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Culture is learned.
This process is called: |
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Definition
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Definition
It evolves
1- familiarity of differences
ex: LGBTQ awareness
2- technology (outside culture) |
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Definition
What people say they should do and what they say they do
Ex: Tuscon garbage project- William Rathje
The interviews told them the ideal culture |
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Definition
The actual behavior as observed by the Anthropologist
Ex: Tuscon garbage project William Ratje
What they found in the trash-- number of beer bottles-- was the real culture |
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Definition
| temporary exposure to a different culture and bringing bits and pieces back with it |
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Long term exposure to a different culture, where both cultures involved change a little bit but maintain their original identity
Ex: temporary Latino workers in US |
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| Independently solving similar problems |
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Ethnic group
Self-identified subgroup within the larger society that share common cultural characteristics |
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Term
| 2 Examples of Pluralistic Societies |
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Definition
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Term
| United States as a pluralistic society |
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Definition
Melting Pot
All new immigrant cultures add to the mix of what it is to be American
It is a concept of assimilation, this one America of all flavors, but a single shared culture |
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Term
| Canada as a pluralistic society |
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Definition
Cultural Mosaic
Actively encourages the maintenance of the original cultural identity , but weaving it into a larger Canadian society/mosaic
= multicultural |
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Definition
| open-ended, no structure-- just conversation. A lot of info but not necessarily what you're looking for |
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Definition
| Answering prepared questions, but the answers may lack of cultural richness |
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Term
| What did they do to combat the lack of cultural richness in formal interviews? |
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Definition
Introduced film (video recording)
But being filmed affects the interviewee |
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Definition
A view from inside, the native view of the world/their culture
Based on a lot of symbols-- hard because emic perspective understands these symbols |
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| A view from outside; the anthropologist's view of the native's world |
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Term
| 6 Types of Cultural Anthropology |
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Definition
| Applied, academic, medical, urban, advocacy ðics, and visual |
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AKA Practical Anthro
Using anthropological perspective and knowledge to solve contemporary problems including human behavior etc
Ex: NGO's (non gov. organizations)
US Military
Multinational corporations (ex: bringing small gifts to business deals in Japan) |
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AKA theoretical anthro
Classic idea of the professor --> reliant on universities and grants for employment and funding |
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Part applied & part academic
Investigating health issues in any given population and trying to understand:
-health issues as related to their culture (academic)
-trying to fix any healthy issues in culturally specific ways (applied) |
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| Studying the process of industrialization and urbanization and as a result, the social problems, new social connections, family structures etc. that come with that |
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| Advocacy Anthropology and Ethics |
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Definition
| When the anthropologist becomes involved in the local community to the degree that they take a political or economic stand on their behalf |
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Definition
Typically this has been ethnographic film
-Now it's concerned with all visual representations of culture |
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Term
| 5 ways the truthfulness of video or photography can be affected |
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Definition
1- Presence of the camera makes the subject self conscious& alters their behavior
2- filmmakers can stage scenes or pose people-- alters reality
3- act of film itself is selective-- pointed in one direction, missing everything else
4- editing- include or cut shots in a way that isn't true to the chronology of events
5- editing- montage- creates implied unity of action that may not have existed |
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Term
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Definition
| Natural selection favors adaptive genes and gets rid of maladaptive genes through survival of the fittest |
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Term
| 2 Strategies of reproductive survival |
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Definition
K-Species (mammals) --> few offspring, dependent on parent, physically large
R-Species (cats, dogs, rabbits, etc.) --> many offspring (litters), born independent, smaller animals |
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Term
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Definition
anthropoids (apes, humans, monkeys)
prosimian (lemurs, tarsiers, lorises and other pre-monkeys) |
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Term
Homindoe
Hominoids
Hominids |
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Definition
homindoe-- apes and humans
hominoids-- past and present apes & humans
hominids -- past and present humans |
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Term
| Environment of the earliest hominids |
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Definition
| tropics and the Savannah in Africa |
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Term
| 5 Hominid changes through time |
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Definition
1- increased brain size & complexity
2- changes in teeth (canines & incisors get smaller and increase in gaps, decrease in molars)
3- sagital crest- gets smaller b/c jaw muscle attachments aren't as necessary b/c we're not grinding as much
4- changes in face- gets shorter
5-bipedalism-- walk on two legs |
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Term
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Definition
leaves your hands free, reach up & down, carry a child etc.
distance travel less strenuous
raises visual level, increases visual distance
better for tool making |
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Term
| Disadvantages to Bidepalism |
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Definition
Makes you slower
Takes more energy (calories)
Increased circulation problems
Increased back pain, joint pain etc |
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Term
| How do we recognize Bipedalism in fossil records? |
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Definition
1- Big toe is in line with the rest of the foot
2- foramen magnum= moves to a position directly below the skull, rather than placed in the back
3-curved lower back- gives a spring to the body's movements
4-shorter, broader pelvis |
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Term
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Definition
| Happened in many parts of Africa, at the same time, at different rates --> evolutionary mosaic |
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Term
| Brain central capacity of modern humans |
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Definition
| 1000-1600 cc (cubic centimeters) |
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Term
Australopithecus Afarensis
(A. Afarensis) |
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Definition
4-3 mya
Appears to have been adapted to bipedalism from the waist down, but arboreal adaptation from the waist up (adapted to trees--> curved arms- seen in monkeys to help swing) |
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| Famous A. Afarensis skeleton |
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Definition
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Definition
3-2.2 mya
S. African cave called the Taing cave
-Has only been found in S. Africa
Brain case 400-500 cc: brainsize 1/4-1/5 modern brain size |
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Definition
2.2-1.8 mya
The tool user
Brain capacity to 600-700 cc
flat face, no sagital crest
Physically similar to A. Afreanus but head was higher and rounder, face less protruding and higher jaw |
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Definition
Oldowan chopping tools
first used by homo habilus |
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Definition
First to leave Africa
Out of Africa I
Time Period: lower Paleolithic
2 mya --> 150,000 years ago |
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Definition
Zhoukoudian --> China
Terra Amata --> Spain
Trinil --> Java (Javaman) |
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Term
| Homo erectus stone tool technology |
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Definition
Achulean stone tradition
Achulean hand axe (flint knapping)-- multi purpose tool that lasted nearly 2mya
Flakes that resulted from making a hand axe were also used |
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