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Definition
| Hagar is Sarah's servant who Abraham sleeps with and the child is Ishmael. Hagar and Ishmael wander into the desert and supposedly are the beginning of life in arabia. |
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| Most people are polytheistic. People live in tribes and clans. Muhammad's clan (Quraysh) controls Mecca, a significant city for trade and the pagan pilgrimage. |
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| Sarah and Isaac become the Jews and then the Christians. Hagar and Ishmael become the Arabs. |
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| Proposed a theory of religious evolution where monotheism is first and then moves into various beliefs |
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| Literally barbarism. This is how islamic historians describe pre-islamic arabia. |
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| Literally us-ness. The idea that clans and tribes would protect their own, so you didn't fuck with someone under penalty of their whole tribe/clan coming after you. |
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| Tribe consisted of equals with the Shaykh being the first among equals. |
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| God. Pre-islamic polytheists believed Allah created the world then relaxed and didnt interact with humanity. Other gods interacted with humans instead. |
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| Shrine in Mecca. Supposedly established by Abraham. Filled with pagan idols before Muhammad took over Mecca. Site of pilgrimage before Islam came about and after Islam came about. |
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| Muhammad's tribe. Ruled by Muhammad's uncle until Year of Sadness. Rulers of Mecca. Protected Muhammad until his uncle's death (asabiyya) |
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| Man not God. Prophet, and messenger. Born in 570 CE. Married Khadijja (monogamous marriage). Disregarded pagan belief prior to revelations. Known as the "trustworthy one" |
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| Muhammad's uncle who raised and protected Muhammad. Debate about whether he converted to Islam. Shaykh of the Quraysh clan |
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| Muhammad's first wife. Reassured him of his sanity after he received the first revelations. Older than Muhammad. Wealthy. Arguably the first convert to Islam |
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| Monotheists who draw from abraham but are not Jewish, Christian or Muslim. Muhammad was a Hanif before receiving the revelations |
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| The literal word of God, as related through the prophet Muhammad. Poetic. 3 major themes: Tawhid-affirming oneness of God. Prophethood-every civilization has received a prophet and Muhammad is the final prophet. REctification and hereafter-importance of faith and salvific prospects |
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| Tawhid is affirming the oneness of God. Shirk is denying this, perhaps saying there are other gods |
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| Muhammad's close friend. The First caliph. First male convert to Islam. Caliphate is disregarded by shi'ites. Sunnni muslims do not have a problem with Abu Bakr being the first caliph |
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| Muhammad's son in law. 4th caliph. Shi'ites believe Ali should have been the 1st caliph |
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| First muslim martyr (woman). |
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| Slave from Abyssinia who becomes an important follower of Muhammad |
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| Muslims were being attacked so Muhammad sent them to Abyssinia to be protected by the christian king. Muhammad himself was alright because he had protection from asabiyya |
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| 2nd caliph. Powerful man in Mecca. First did not agree with Muhammad and caused trouble but then converted and became a significant figure in early Islam |
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| Muhammad's wife Khadija and his uncle Abu Talib die in the same year. Muhammad no longer is protected under asabiyya, as his uncle is dead and the successor does not want to protect Muhammad |
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| Succeeds Abu Talib as Shaykh of Quraysh tribe. Doesn't protect Muhammad leading to the great Hijra or the second hijra |
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| Muhammad is taken to Jerusalem by the Angel Gabriel and then taken into heaven where he sees Adam, Abraham, Moses, Joseph, Jesus, John the Baptist and God himself |
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Term
| Hijra to Yathrib (Medina) |
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Definition
| THE Hijra. Occurs because Muhammad is no longer protected by his clan in Mecca. Yathrib becomes Medina. Muhammad is appointed as arbiter to solve the conflict occurring in Yathrib. Muslim calendar is based on this event. BH (before hijra) and AH (after Hijra) |
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| When Muhammad arives in Medina everuyone bands together to form the Umma (community) |
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| Muhammad comes into Medina and unites people who had been fighting |
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| Wife of Muhammad (when polygamous). Abu Bakr's daughter. Muhammad's jealous and favorite wife. Married at a young age |
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| the direction of prayer (towards Mecca) |
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| 2AH. First major battle after Muhammad moves to Medina. Victory for Muhammad |
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| 3AH. Second major battle after Muhammad moves to Medina. Meccans seek revenger for the Battle of Badr. Muhammad is thought to be dead |
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| Siege of Medina. Medinans dig ditches and the Meccans are unable to advance |
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| Leader of the hypocrites. Medinan |
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| 6AH. No fighting for 10 years, muslims pilgrimage next year, new alliances can be formed, medinans can return to Mecca but Meccans cannot defect and join Muhammad in Medina |
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| Arab tribes begin to come to Muhammad to join and convert to Islam |
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| Only Hajj Muhammad takes after Medinans conquer Mecca. Muhammad's final Hajj. Muhammad gives his final sermon |
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| Place where Muhammad gives his final sermon. Muhammad proclaims whoever is loyal to me should be loyal to Ali |
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| printed version of the Qur'an |
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| declaration of faith. There is no God but God and Muhammad is his messenger |
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| Iman is faith in God. Kufr is disbelief in God |
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Term
| Meccan versus Medinan suras |
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| Meccan suras are BH. About 80. RElatively poetic and brief. Not a lot of legal guidance. Medinan suras are AH. about 22. Lengthy and prosaic with legal injunctions |
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| exegesis, or commentary on the Qur'an |
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| Establishing the context of the Qur'anic revelation. Form of exegesis |
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| Proper recitation of the Qur'an. Makes the Qur'an beautiful |
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| Declaration of faith. Daily prayer. yearly alms tax. Fasting in Ramadan. Pilgrimage to mecca (greater and lesser) |
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| God/one God. Prophts. Angels. The revealed books. Day of judgement and afterlife. Divine decree and power |
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| Eid al-Fitr immediatly follows Ramadan. Eid al-adha coincides with Hajj |
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| Sect of Islam believing Ali should have been first caliph. 12th caliph. Responsibility of Imam is to preserve the integrity of Islam |
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| Sect of Islam believing it is the responsibility of the community |
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| False prophet. Saw Muhammad getting a following and wanted to get some love too |
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| fought over people not paying the alms tax (zakah) |
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| the alms tax. Roughly equivalent to 2.5% |
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| tax of non-muslims by muslim controlled states |
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| 3rd Caliph. Meccan aristocracy. Chaos then assassination then more chaos |
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| Successor of Muhammad/representative of Muhammad. |
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| For shi'a islam the imam is tasked with keeping the integrity of the religion intact. Pretty much a religious leader |
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| A'isha and others battle Ali (first battle). Ali versus Muawiya (second battle) |
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| first Islamic extremist group. tried to assassinate both Ali and Mu'awiya but only succeeded with Ali |
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| from Syria. Claimed to be 4th caliph instead of Ali. When Ali is killed Mu'awiya becomes 5th caliph |
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| (661-750). Arab aristocracy (started as Quraysh). Not good (morally). Built dome of the rock in jerusalem |
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| Ali's son. A martyr. First Shi'a Imam |
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| Al-Hasan's brother. 2nd Shi'ite Imam |
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| begins with al-Husayn's murder. Umayyads win |
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| the Abbasid revolution. End of the Umayyads |
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| (750-1258) Move capitol to Baghdad. Official schism between Sunnis and Shi'ites. 1st 2 centuries were golden age for islamic thought |
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| Buyid ruler once they took power (but not legitimacy) from the Abbasids |
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| Islamic school. Formalized in the golden age |
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| Law. 2 forms. Law as God would want it. Islamic law in general (the institution) |
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| Human attempt to arrive at God's law |
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| Determined by Hadiths. Source for Islamic law |
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| something Muhammad said, did, or tacitly approved |
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| Scholar who created a collection of Hadiths about 200 years after the death of Muhammad |
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| Muslim school fo Law (like a school fo thought not a specific school). 5 classical madhhabs-Hanifi, Maliki, Shafi'i, Hanbali, and Zahiri ( no longer accepted) |
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| Starts hadith revolution. Starts school of religious law thought based on hadiths |
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| taught al-shafi'i. Started a madhhab |
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| Muhammad says his community will never agree on an error so consensus within the islamic community is powerful. Understood to be the islamic scholarly community not just everyone |
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| Deductive analogy by which hadiths are analyzed to figure out the answers to new problems that arise that are not explicitly covered in the Quran or Surra (such as piracy) |
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| following he precedents of the past (scholarly legal precedents) |
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| struggle to arrive at new precedents (legal) |
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| a scholar arrives at a non-binding, yet legitimizing (legal) opinion |
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| establish laws that are in God's interest |
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| Arguments for God's existence |
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| Cosmological argument (first cause/first causer) important to Muslim scholars in the middle ages |
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| Islamic philosophical discipline of seeking theological principles through dialectic |
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| founder of Hanbali school of fiqh |
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| introduced Greek and hellenistic philosophy to the muslim world |
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| expert in many ares (872-950). Great islamic philosopher of his time |
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| expert in many areas (980-1037) |
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| one of the most celebrated Sunni scholars of all time (1058-1111) |
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| polymath. Master of aristotelean philosophy (1126-1198) |
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| Inclusivism, exclusivism and pluralism |
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| family of the prophet Muhammad |
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| Sect of shi'a. Opposed to pacifism. Imam is not divinely appointed. Closest sect of shi'ism to Sunnism. Concentrated in Yemen. 5ers |
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| 7ers. Imam is divine emination. Influenced by greek philosophy. Aga Khan is the living imam (49th) |
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| Isma'ili scholar. Druze believe al-Hakim is a divine emination |
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| 12ers. Largest sect of shi'ism. Imam is infallible. Extremists, delegators and showstoppers. Most are between delegators and show stoppers. 12th imam will return at the end of days |
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| 11th Imam went into hiding and will return at the end of days |
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| 11th Imam has emissaries who bring his rulings back to the people |
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| all the time from the end of the lesser occultation when the emissaries to the 11th imam die until today |
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| the islamic jurists will collectively represent the hidden Imam |
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| opposed inherited caliphate of hte Umayyads. Believed in free will. Held in high regard by Sufis |
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| female Sufi saint. Important early Sufi poet. Introduced the idea of divine love |
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| Sufi known for poetry. Executed by Abbasid caliphate on the grounds that he was a heretic |
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| started Sufi order of Suhrawardiyya |
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| Maliki. Student of Al-ghazali. Forced to migrate to morocco |
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| Hanbali. Sought to return Islam to Qur'an and sunna |
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| means way, path, or method. Islamic religious order in sufism. Islamic law leads to mystical path |
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| Elder in a tribe. First among equals |
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| person committed to teaching sufism |
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| stage of sufism. Higher level of consciousness that precedes final stage (marifa) |
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| islamic devotional act involving the names of allah |
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