Term
| Inflammation can be __, __, or __. |
|
Definition
| acute, chronic, overwhelming |
|
|
Term
| Leukocyte response to acute inflammation? |
|
Definition
total WBC, segs, bands: increased
lymphs: decreased / WNL
mono: varies |
|
|
Term
| Leukocyte response to acute inflammation? |
|
Definition
total WBC, segs, bands, lymphs: increased / WNL
monos: increased |
|
|
Term
| Leukocyte response to overwhelming inflammation? |
|
Definition
total WBC: decreased
segs, lymphs: decreased / WNL
bands: increased
mono: varies |
|
|
Term
| Terms for the leukocyte response to epinephrine? |
|
Definition
| physiologic / excitement leukocytosis |
|
|
Term
| A physiologic leukocytosis is caused by ____, whereas a stress leukogram is caused by ____. |
|
Definition
physio: epinephrine, acute stress
stress leuko: glucocorticoids, chronic stress |
|
|
Term
| Leukocyte response to epinephrine? |
|
Definition
total WBC: transiently increased (1 hr)
segs: increased in dogs, increased/WNL in cats
bands: WNL
lymphs: WNL in dogs, increased and transient in cats
monos: WNL |
|
|
Term
| Leukocyte response to glucocorticoids? |
|
Definition
total WBC: transiently increased (1-3d)
segs: increased
bands: WNL
lymphs: decreased
monos: increased or WNL |
|
|
Term
| What is the most reliable indicator of chronic stress in the leukogram? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term for when a leukogram shows qualities of different leukocyte responses, e.g. stress leukogram as well as acute inflammation. |
|
Definition
| superimposed stress leukogram |
|
|
Term
| What is commonly seen as a superimposed stress response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Leukocyte response to tissue necrosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Leukocyte response that indicates an immune response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dohle bodies, granulation, and foaminess in WBCs indicates what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MCV stands for ___ and describes...? |
|
Definition
| Mean Corpuscular Volume, describes avg size of RBC |
|
|
Term
| MCH stands for ___ and describes...? |
|
Definition
| Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin, describes avg. amount of hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
| MCHC stands for ___ and describes...? |
|
Definition
| Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration, describes the ratio of hemoglobin : RBC volume |
|
|
Term
| Normal # platelets seen under the scope? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why might you need to correct a WBC count done by a machine? |
|
Definition
| nRBCs - machine can't differentiate them from WBCs so it gives an artificially high WBC count |
|
|
Term
Describe the following levels of toxic change:
1+
2+
3+
4+ |
|
Definition
1+ dohle bodies, cytoplasmic granules/vacuoles
2+ " " and diffuse cyto. basophilia
3+ " " and excessive foamy cyto. vacuoles
4+ " " and gigantism or nuclear lysis |
|
|
Term
| Advantages of in-house CBC: |
|
Definition
-earlier diagnosis = earlier treatment
-better pre-anesthesia management
-minimization of artifacts bc blood is fresh
-can see abnormalities that lab only checks for upon request |
|
|
Term
| Disadvantages of in-house CBC: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All blood cells arise from a common ___ stem cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Maturation of a granulocyte: |
|
Definition
| myeloblast > promyelocyte > myelocyte > metamyelocyte > band > mature N/E/B |
|
|
Term
| Describe the chromatin pattern "fine / smooth." |
|
Definition
| uniform pattern of thin chromatin strands, no clumping |
|
|
Term
| Describe the chromatin pattern "finely stippled." |
|
Definition
| smooth chromatin pattern with discrete aggregates of chromatin |
|
|
Term
| Describe the chromatin pattern "lacy / reticular." |
|
Definition
| uniform pattern of medium-sized chromatin strands with no significant clumping |
|
|
Term
| Describe the chromatin pattern "coarse." |
|
Definition
| ropey, cord-like chromatin strands |
|
|
Term
| Describe the chromatin pattern "clumped." |
|
Definition
| large aggregates of chromatin throughout nucleus; may occur in lacy or coarse chromatin |
|
|
Term
| Describe the chromatin pattern "smudged." |
|
Definition
| not a discrete pattern of chromatin |
|
|
Term
| Describe the appearance of a myeloblast: |
|
Definition
-round/oval nucleus
-chromatin is fine, diffused like dust
-nucleoli |
|
|
Term
| Describe the appearance of a promyelocyte: |
|
Definition
-round/oval nucleus
-somewhat condensed chromatin
-nucleoli |
|
|
Term
| Describe the appearance of a myelocyte: |
|
Definition
-nucleus is condensing, smaller
-chromatin aggregating
-nucleoli fading |
|
|
Term
| Describe the appearance of a metamyelocyte: |
|
Definition
-cell is smaller
-kidney bean-shaped nucleus
-pinker cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| Bone marrow maintains a ___ supply of segs in circulation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Segs circulate for __ before cell migration. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transit time for marrow generation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is transient eosinophilia a concern? |
|
Definition
| No, check for persistent eosinophilia. |
|
|
Term
| Basophils produce ___ and ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the appearance of granules in the basophil. |
|
Definition
| Few or densely packed granules |
|
|
Term
| What type of WBC is common in exotics but rare in cats/dogs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Maturation of agranulocytes: |
|
Definition
lymphoblast > lymphocyte
monoblast > monocyte > macrophage |
|
|
Term
| What WBC precursors would you not expect to find in the blood because they are instead in the bone marrow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the appearance of a lymphocyte: |
|
Definition
-high nuclear : cytoplasmic ratio
-eccentric nucleus
-usually pale blue cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| Describe the appearance of a monocyte: |
|
Definition
-pleomorphic (irregular) nucleus
-lacy/fine granules / foamy / ground glass
-grey-blue cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| How fast can monocytosis show up in a blood smear? |
|
Definition
| within 12 hours of the start of inflammation |
|
|
Term
| Is automated or manual WBC count more accurate? |
|
Definition
| automated, but for exotics you must do manual |
|
|
Term
| How to record the amount of platelets in a smear? |
|
Definition
| adequate, increased, or decreased; clumped, mega |
|
|
Term
| Clumps of platelets may occur because of __. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the unopette system? |
|
Definition
| dilution which lyses RBCs, allowing you to more easily count WBCs with a hemocytometer |
|
|
Term
| Diff-Quick doesn't stain ___ very well. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is Diff-Quick not the best stain to use with exotics? |
|
Definition
| Doesn't stain basophils well, and exotics have more basophils. |
|
|
Term
| Name of the microscope slide with a tiny grid system for counting WBCs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Names of the two different methods for blood smears: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 things to check for in centrifuged blood sample? |
|
Definition
-lipemia (white)
-hemolysis (pink/red)
-icterus (yellow) |
|
|
Term
| The most helpful indicator of hydration status is __. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Centrifuged blood samples separate into: |
|
Definition
-plasma or serum
-buffy coat
-red cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| megakaryoblast > megakaryocyte > platelet (thrombocyte) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-essential for hemostasis, inflammatory response
-initial wound repair |
|
|
Term
| The only blood cell that gets bigger as it matures: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Platelet estimates should be performed on what power? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormone produced by kidneys to stimulate stem cell production of RBC in marrow |
|
|
Term
| What two species become anemic quicker in a diseased state? Why is this? |
|
Definition
| Cats and birds, because RBCs have shorter life span. |
|
|
Term
| What is splenic contraction? |
|
Definition
| compensatory mechanism after blood loss, in which the spleen releases stored RBCs |
|
|
Term
| Hemoglobin becomes ___ until it is cleared by the liver. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rubriblast > prorubricyte > rubricyte > metarubricyte > polychromatophil >erythrocyte |
|
|
Term
| When would you typically use the formulas MCV, MCH, MCHC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is microcytosis? When can it occur? |
|
Definition
| small RBCs, anemias with decreased MCV |
|
|
Term
| What is macrocytosis? When can it occur? |
|
Definition
| large RBCs, responsive anemias with increased MCV |
|
|
Term
| What is rouleaux? When can it occur? |
|
Definition
| stacks of RBCs arranged in lines, normal in horses and sometimes cats |
|
|
Term
| What is agglutination? When can it occur? |
|
Definition
| clumps of RBCs, can be pathologic or by poor smear technique |
|
|
Term
| How to test if agglutination is pathologic or from bad smear technique? |
|
Definition
| add 1 drop PSS to 1 drop blood, wet mount, will break up if not agglutinated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| physiologic sterile saline |
|
|
Term
| Echinocytes can also be called... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-evenly spaced, uniform projections
-most common artifact (crenation)
-can result from renal Dz, lymphosarcoma, snake bite |
|
|
Term
| What are some causes for crenation? |
|
Definition
blood dries too slow because of:
-too much blood on smear
-humid environment |
|
|
Term
| How to differentiate poikilocytosis from crenation? |
|
Definition
poik: some cells
cren: all cells |
|
|
Term
| Acanthocytes can also be called... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-irregular projections with knobs on ends
-can result from altered lipid metab assoc. with liver Dz, or hemangiosarcoma |
|
|
Term
| Name for a RBC with evenly spaced, uniform projections? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name for a RBC with irregular, knobbed projections? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| RBC fragment usually caused by intravascular trauma, can result from iron deficiency or DIC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"death is coming"
"disseminated intravascular coagulation" - a pathologic condition marked by widespread activation of the clotting cascade, resulting in tiny blood clots forming in the vessel; eventually the body uses up clotting factors, potentially resulting in bleeding out |
|
|
Term
| Drepanocytes can also be called... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name for a RBC fragment that usually results from intravascular trauma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name for a RBC that looks like a sickle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -sickle-shaped RBC that is normal in deer, antelope, sheep, goats, and some carnivores like genets and mongoose |
|
|
Term
| A keratocyte can also be called... |
|
Definition
-blister cell
-helmet cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -horn-like projections on the RBC, looks like a cartoon cat head to me; can result from liver Dz or membrane damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -darkly staining RBC which lacks central pallor; easier to ID in dogs and may indicate IMHA |
|
|
Term
| A codocyte can also be called... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A category of abnormal RBCs in which the membrane is damaged; includes target cells and stomatocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-looks like a bulls-eye
-a few can be normal
-can indicate anemia or liver Dz |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-looks like a smile
-artifact if near feathered edge
-can indicate anemia and liver Dz |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-teardrop shaped RBC
-myeloproliferative Dz |
|
|
Term
| What tubes can be used for CBC samples? |
|
Definition
| EDTA (lavendar) or Heparin (green) |
|
|
Term
| What to do if there's a blood clot in your CBC sample? |
|
Definition
| get a new sample, you can't use one with any clots |
|
|
Term
| Never run a chemistry with blood from a ___ tube. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When to spin hep or RTT for chemistries? |
|
Definition
| immediately after CBC to avoid low glucose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Types of leukocyte shifts? |
|
Definition
-Left (regen or degen)
-Right
-Leukemoid |
|
|
Term
| Types of leukocyte cell changes? |
|
Definition
-toxicity
-degenerative nuclear
-reactive
-atypical |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| presence of excessive numbers of immature neutrophils in the peripheral blood |
|
|
Term
| How to record the severity of a left shift? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a leukemoid reaction? |
|
Definition
| Extremely high leukocyte count (> 50,000 WBC), usually very immature cells resembling leukemia. Generally a sign of underlying infection (TB, malaria, pneumonia). |
|
|
Term
| What is a regenerative left shift? |
|
Definition
-neutrophilia with seg > immatures
-favorable response
-bone marrow needs 3-5 days to respond to peripheral demands for neutrophils |
|
|
Term
| What is a degenerative left shift? |
|
Definition
-neutrophil count low or slightly elevated
-more immature neutrophils than segs
-unfavorable prognosis (except cattle) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-decrease in WBCs in circulation
-dog/cat: <5,000 cells/microliter
-usu. neutropenia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-genetic condition which prevents nuclear maturation
-leukogram looks like left shift
-humans, rabbits, purebred dogs, rarely cats |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cytoplasmic changes, usu. in neutrophils, caused by exposure to bacterial toxins, toxic products of metabolism, or tissue necrosis.
-cell development in marrow is arrested |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-chunk of RNA in the cytoplasm
-low #s normal in cats |
|
|
Term
| What is toxic granulation? |
|
Definition
| Mature neutrophil retains granules of precursor cells, makes it look like a basophil. |
|
|
Term
| What is a toxic left shift? |
|
Definition
| LS with granulation and dohle bodies |
|
|
Term
| What two parameters must be noted for all cell changes? |
|
Definition
| quantity and quality (severity) |
|
|
Term
% of the following:
slight
moderate
marker |
|
Definition
slight 5-10%
moderate 11-30%
marked > 30% |
|
|
Term
| The majority of toxic changes will fall into what severity category? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Only ___ can be toxic, and only ___ can be reactive. |
|
Definition
toxic = segs
reactive = lymphs/monos |
|
|
Term
| A reactive change in an agranulocyte results in: |
|
Definition
-increased size
-very basophilic cytoplasm
-cytoplasmic granules
-lymphs may have eccentric nucleus with perinuclear clear zone
-monos have cytoplasmic vacuoles |
|
|
Term
| What is a distinct feature of reactive lymphs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plasma cell with packets of immunoglobulins (packets = Russell bodies) |
|
|
Term
| Describe an atypical lymphocyte: |
|
Definition
-larger, more cytoplasm
-nucleoli in their nuclei
-cytoplasm indented by surrounding RBCs |
|
|
Term
| Significance of an atypical lymphocyte? |
|
Definition
| could be infection or neoplasia - needs pathology review |
|
|
Term
| When might basophilia occur? |
|
Definition
-in conjunction with eosinophilia
-systemic mast cell tumors
-basophilic leukemia (rare)
-can be benign in cats |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| presence of bacteria in the blood |
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of bacteremia on a smear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How to tell if bacteremia is mistake or pathologic? |
|
Definition
| look for cells engulfing the bacteria |
|
|
