Term
| Five Standards of Scientific Knowledge |
|
Definition
Empirically Testable
Falsifiable
Reproducible
Valid
Generalizable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The extent to which humans being studied respond to the research process or the researcher by changing their behavior, either unintentionally or intentionally. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the unintended effects on behavior produced when people are aware they are being studied. |
|
|
Term
| The idea that sociology is a subjective Experience (Verstehen) |
|
Definition
People experience life subjectively
To understand people's actions we must understand what their acts mean to them. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Continuing cycle of theory, hypotheses, data, and empirical generalizations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a measurable trait or characteristic which can vary and which is used to measure a concept |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a description of procedures used to measure a concept in sufficient detail so that someone else could perform the same procedure and get a similar result |
|
|
Term
| Questions in surveys tend to be answered with greater reliability and validity when they.... |
|
Definition
1. Ask things respondents could reasonably be expected to know
2. Ask things resppondents want to tell you correctly.
3. Ask things that are neither too difficult to answer nor consume too much time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a subset of members of the population rather than the entire population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The results should be something that is related to the broader population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a sample including specific numbers of cases falling in various subcategories |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Each case in the population has some known probability of being included
All segments of the population are represented |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- describe the distribution of cases on some variable
-mean, median, and mode are measures of 'central tendency' |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Two variables are associated when the values of one variable depend on or can be predicted from the values of the other variable
Just because two variables are associated together doesnt mean that one causes the other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Two types: participant observation & systematic observation
:Researchers watch subjects to see how they behave in various circumstances |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
quantitative method where researchers typically develop a systematic set of codes, use to code each event observed, and analyze the results statistically.
Often use audiotapes or videocameras to document behavior
Reactivity must be considered. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| researcher participates in and is directly involved in the lives of those he/she is studying |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a typically detailed descriptive account summarizing and interpreting a culture or a collection of people studied.
Often read like a novel or diary and give the reader a sense of experiencing the event themselves |
|
|
Term
Researcher Roles
1. True Insider
2. Acting as an Insider
3. Outsider |
|
Definition
1. someone already participating in the context in a non research role who chooses to study that setting
2. pretends to be an insider
3. someone who does not disguise their role as a researcher |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
gather information by asking people questions.
The questions may be objective (factual information) or subjective information (attitudes and beliefs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| someone who answers the questions in a social survey. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a combination of ideas, behaviors, and material objects that people have created and adopted for carrying out necessary tasks of daily life. |
|
|
Term
| Culture is passed from one generation to another through __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two components of culture |
|
Definition
1. Material culture
2. Non material culture |
|
|
Term
| 4 Types of Nonmaterial Culture |
|
Definition
1. Symbols
2. Language
3. Values/Beliefs
4. Norms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Includes all of the art, architecture, technological artifacts, and material objects created by a society. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| everything about culture that isnt part of the material culture |
|
|
Term
| Two Types of non material culture |
|
Definition
Cognitive Elements
Normative Elements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
type of non material culture-->expressing thoughts, beliefs, and preferences
Examples: Symbols, values, beliefs, attitudes, language |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Part of non material culture which expresses how we should behave (norms) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| words, gestures, pictures, anything that conveys meaning to people who share a culture |
|
|
Term
| The Sapair Whorf Hypothesis states that....... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cultural values are standards of ________, rightness, or importance in a society. They indicate whether something is good or bad, important, unimportant, attractive, or unattractive. Values are not ________. They are positive or negative. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a respect for and appreciation for people who work hard and a sense that hard work should be rewarded. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Expectations for behavior. Often apply to social roles that people are playing more than to the individuals themselves. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rules governing everyday confuct that are not considered to be morally important and are not strictly enforced.
Not wearing a tie in church, saying please and thank you, not staring at people in an elevator
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
serious norms for important activities having a strong moral imperative and strictly enforced
laws forbid murder, rape, stealing, and assualt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Acts designed to encourage behaviors conforming to norm and discourage behaviors that violate norms
|
|
|
Term
| Example of Negative Sanction |
|
Definition
| punishments....glaring at a reckless driver |
|
|
Term
| Examples of a positive sanction |
|
Definition
| Rewards.....congratulating someone who stopped a crime |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Adopting the norm as your own, we become our own police force.
Guilt from cheating on a test |
|
|
Term
| What two types of societies have great cultural diversity within them? |
|
Definition
| Large industrial and postindustrial societies |
|
|
Term
Dominant Culture
Example? |
|
Definition
the culture that takes precedence over other cultures in acivities or events involving people from many categories of the population.
President of the united states |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a culture containing many elements of the dominant culture, but having unique features that distinguish its members from the rest of the population. This may be based on ethnic heritage, lifestyle choices, social class, regional diferences, race, or gender.
College Students |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a subculture that challenges important elements of the dominant culture such as beliefs, attitudes, or values and seeks to create an alternative lifestyle.
Hippies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a perspective that recognizes the contributions of diverse groups to our society and holds that no single culture is any better than all the rest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the view that your own culture is the standard against which other cultures can be judged right or wrong.
The US is often criticized for being ethnocentric |
|
|
Term
| Three major theoretical perspectives within sociology each can be applied to culture |
|
Definition
The functional View
The interactionist view
The conflict view |
|
|
Term
| The Functional View of Culture |
|
Definition
| Explains Cultural elements by their functions for society. A cycle of society, structures, and social consequences. If this view was correct then they should be cultural universals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cultural elements found in all cultures |
|
|
Term
| Interactionist View Of Culture |
|
Definition
| The social interactionist view examines how we come to define the meaning of cultural elements through social interaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| negative, biased generalizations regarding all people in the same category |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the artifacts, values, knowledge, beliefs, and other cultural elements that elites in a society use to distinguish themselves from the masses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all the artifacts, values, knowledge, beliefs, and other cultural elements that appeal to the masses. |
|
|
Term
| Three types of social and culture change |
|
Definition
Cultural Lag Theory
Cultural diffusion
A global culture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| technological change drives other changes in culture, with other cultural elements often lagging behind technology. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the spread of cultural elements including objects and ideas from one culture to another. |
|
|
Term
| why is the world possibly considered a single global culture |
|
Definition
| because you can do many things all over the world. Like fly on american airplanes, listen to rock music, hook up to the internet, and eat mcdonalds. |
|
|
Term
| __________ the scientific study of social life |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sociology studies the relationship between what two things |
|
Definition
| individuals and social structures |
|
|
Term
| Sociology includes ____-level analyzes focusing on individuals, such as studies fo small groups and attitude change |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sociology includes ___-level analyses focusing on social structures, such as studies of political and economic systems |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What sociologist was born in France and heavily influenced by the French Revolution
He also coined the term sociology |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Comte proposed applying the scientific methods used in the natural sciences to the social sciences. What was this approach called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| C. Wright Mills said that the ___________ _________ is the capacity for individuals to understand the relationship between their individual lives and broad social forces that influence them. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the intersection of history and biography
The relationship between private troubles and public issues
Our lives are not purely personal, but are lived out in the context of social circumstances that affect us all |
|
Definition
| The sociological Imagination |
|
|
Term
| What are the six reccurent themes in sociology |
|
Definition
Social control
the social construction of reality
inequality
social structure
knowledge
social change |
|
|
Term
| What are the three main theories used to explain the recurrent themes of sociology |
|
Definition
structural functional theory
conflict theory
interactionist theory |
|
|
Term
| Who are the four main classic sociologists |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The great majority of social control is ________ ___________ in which people do things because they believe it is the right thing to do, not because they are forced to do so.
Who said this? |
|
Definition
internalized social control
Emile Durheim |
|
|
Term
| the ___________ theory says that individuals,though contrained by social circumstances, can make decisions and take actions that influence their own lives and those of others |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____________ ___________ are important characteristics of groups that cannot be reduced to some simple combination of characteristics of individuals. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the "definition of the situation" |
|
Definition
| a statement or action that explicitly or implicitly suggests the meaning the actor would like others to attribute to their actions |
|
|
Term
| What is "negotiated order" |
|
Definition
| a shared meaning of the situation agreed upon by all participants |
|
|
Term
| who developed the Symbolic Interactionist Perspective and believed people can interact by taking the role of the other |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who was the son of a New England Minister and taught at the university of Chicago |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ _______ are enduring, relatively stable patterns of social behavior. They also constrain social behavior, even behavior we might think are solely individual. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who developed the structural-functional theory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Durkheim says that ______ ______ are regular patterns of behavior that exist independently of individuals and constrain individual behavior |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ conducted a classic study in which he found suicide to be related to social integration of individuals in the larger society |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What theory has a circular cycle of Structure, social consequences, and society |
|
Definition
| Structural Functional Theory |
|
|
Term
| _____ _______ was the father of the conflict perspective |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What influenced Karl Marx |
|
Definition
| The industrial Revolution |
|
|
Term
| _________ was born in Germany, but spent most of his life in Britain. He also believed that human history was the history of class conflict. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Society consists of groups competing for scarce resources
What appears on the surface to be cooperation merely masks the struggle for power
Social structures persist in society because they serve the interests of those who have wealth and power |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who was the son of a successful Protestant entrepreneur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Weber argued that life was experiencing increasing __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Weber said that traditional organizations were being superceded by ____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who said that social life is based on rational action guided by subjective understanding (verstehen) anchored in shared cultural ideas |
|
Definition
|
|
