Term
| What is the definition of psychology? |
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Definition
| The scientific study of behavior and mental processes |
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Term
| Name the 3 philosophers that impacted the beginnings of psychology. |
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Definition
| Aristotle, Descartes and Locke |
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Term
| What was Descartes' contribution to the beginnings of psychology? |
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Definition
| The mind is separate from the body |
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Term
| What was Locke's contribution to the beginnings of psychology? |
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Definition
| People are born blank slates and are formed by experience |
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Term
| What was Gall's contribution to the beginnings of psychology? |
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Definition
| Phrenology: study of bumps on your head |
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Term
| What was Darwin's contribution to the beginnings of psychology? |
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Definition
| Humans are a species of animal and can be studied as such |
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Term
| What was Wundt's contribution to the beginnings of psychology? |
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Definition
| Conducted the first experiment and first lab |
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Term
| What technique did Wundt use to examine conscious experience? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was James's contribution to the beginnings of psychology? |
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Definition
| Wrote the first textbook and trained the first female PhD |
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Term
| Who was the first female PhD student in psychology (though she was denied the degree by Harvard) |
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Definition
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Term
| How do behaviorists define psychology? |
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Definition
| Scientific study of observable behavior |
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Term
| The _________ perspective of psychology focuses on the brain and nervous system in understanding who we are. They believe that "everything psychological is, at the same time, biological" |
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Definition
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Term
| The ___________ perspective focuses on how heredity and experience influence who we become |
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Definition
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Term
| The __________ perspective focuses on discovering the survival functions of behaviors, and how natural selection has influenced who we have become |
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Definition
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Term
| The ___________ perspective focuses on how unconscious urges and conflicts influence us |
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Definition
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Term
| The __________ perspective focuses of the scientific study of behavior and how behavior is shaped by the environment |
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Definition
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Term
| The ___________ perspective focuses on how we think (memory, problem-solving, etc.) |
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Definition
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Term
| The _________ perspective focuses on the social and cultural influences on our thoughts and behaviors |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| In depth studies of one individual or group (rare cases) |
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Term
| Diane Fossey and Jane Goodall are famous for their groundbreaking naturalistic observations. Describe this research technique |
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Definition
| Observing and recording a subject's behavior in their natural environment |
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Term
| What does correlational research tell us? |
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Definition
| Whether or not two or more variables are related |
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Term
| I have discovered a positive correlation between 2 variables. What does this mean? Give an example. |
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Definition
Variables change in the same direction.
SAT score and college GPA. |
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Term
| I have discovered a negative correlation between 2 variables. What does this mean? Give and example. |
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Definition
Variables change in different directions.
Self-esteem and Depression |
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Term
| Testing for correlations scientifically helps us to avoid making illusory correlations. What are those? |
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Definition
| Perception of a relationship where none exist |
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Term
| What does correlational not tell us |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ research is when we manipulate one or more variables to see if that has an effect of a behavior |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of research answers questions for us regarding cause and effect? |
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Definition
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Term
| If I tell you to operationally define your variables, what does that mean? |
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Definition
| Define variables in terms of how you intend to measure them |
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Term
| In an experiment, the _______ variable is the measured variable; The ________ variable is the manipulated variable |
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Definition
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Term
| In and experiment, the _______ group receives the independent variable; The _______ group receives a placebo |
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Definition
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Term
| Label the 5 parts of the neuron |
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Definition
| Dendrites; Cell Body; Nucleus; Axon; Myelin Sheath; Terminal Buttons |
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Term
| What do the dendrites of a neuron do? |
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Definition
| Receive information from the other neurons in the form of chemical signals |
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Term
| What is an action potential |
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Definition
| Electrical signal that travels down the axon |
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Term
| Why does and action potential travel faster down axons with myelin sheath? |
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Definition
| The axon is insulated by the myelin sheath |
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Term
| What happens when the electrical charge of a neuron reaches the terminal buttons |
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Definition
| Causes the vesicle to burst |
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Term
| What is inside the vesicles of a neuron? |
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Definition
| Sacs of chemicals (Neurotransmitters) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What happens during the process of reuptake |
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Definition
| Excess neurotransmitters get sucked back up into the terminal buttons and reform |
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Term
| What happens when someone has too much acetylcholine (ACh) in their brain, like when someone gets bit by a black widow spider |
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Definition
| Violent muscle contractions |
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Term
| How does Curare, a poison used in South America on the tips of hunting darts, work in the brain |
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Definition
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Term
| People with Alzheimer's disease take a drug call Aricept, which replenishes the their brains' level of the neurotransmitter __________, which is involved in memory |
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Definition
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Term
| What's the "wiggin' out" neurotransmitter? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease related? |
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Definition
Too much dopamine = Schizophrenia
Too little dopamine = Parkinson's Disease |
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Term
| People with depression don't have enough of the neurotransmitter ________ in their brains |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)? |
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Definition
| The sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the bod's sense receptors, muscles and glands |
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Term
What kinds of neurons carry messages form the body inward to the CNS?
What kinds of neurons carry messages from the CNS outward to the body |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the Somatic Nervous System do? |
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Definition
| Controls the body's skeletal muscles |
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Term
| What does the Autonomic Nervous System do? |
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Definition
| Controls the glands and muscles of the internal organs |
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Term
| What is the difference between the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system? |
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Definition
Sympathetic: arouses you for action
Parasympathetic: calms everything down |
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Term
What is the brain's oldest part?
What is it responsible for? |
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Definition
| Brain-stem: controls heartbeat, breathing and receives information from the senses |
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Term
| What are the medulla's primary functions? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the thalamus's primary functions? |
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Definition
| Receive information from the senses (except smell) and send to higher brain regions |
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Term
| The _________ is the 'butt' of the brain. It is responsible for coordinated movement, balance and procedural learning |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the 3 parts of the limbic system |
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Definition
Hippo-campus
Amygdala
Hypothalamus |
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Term
| What is the primary function of the hippo-campus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the primary function of the amygdala? |
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Definition
| Emotions (especially, fear and anger) |
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Term
| What is the primary function of the hypothalamus? |
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Definition
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Term
| The two hemispheres of the brain are joined together by a large band of neural fibers called the _________ __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| In "split brain patients," what has been cut? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name two specialties of the Left hemisphere of the brain |
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Definition
| Speech, Grammar, and Logic |
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Term
| Name two specialties of the Right hemisphere of the brain |
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Definition
| Recognizing faces and emotion, art and metaphors |
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Term
| Properly label the 4 lobes of the brain |
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Definition
Frontal Lobe
Temporal Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Occipital Lobe |
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Term
The _________ lobe is primarily responsible for sensory information, such as touch and body position.
The _________ lobe is primarily responsible for vision. |
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Definition
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Term
The _________ lobe is primarily responsible for planning and personality.
The _________ lobe is primarily responsible for hearing and language. |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ ________ sustained damage to his ______ lobe during a railroad accident. According to his friends he was never the same person after that |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the definition of consciousness? |
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Definition
| Awareness of ourselves and our environment |
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Term
| What does the dual processing principle postulate? |
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Definition
| Much of our everyday thinking operates outside of our conscious awareness. |
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Term
| What is selective attention? |
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Definition
| Focusing of conscious attention on a particular thing |
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Term
| What is the cocktail party effect? |
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Definition
| Our ability to pay attention to only one voice among many |
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Term
| What are the brain waves in stage 1 of sleep? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are hypnagogic sensations? |
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Definition
| Characterized by false perceptions that are like hallucinations |
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Term
| What are the brain waves in stage 2 of sleep? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the brain waves in stage 4 of sleep? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the fifth stage of sleep called? Why? |
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Definition
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Term
| During what stage of sleep are we internally aroused, as if awake, but outwardly paralyzed (AKA paradoxical sleep) ? |
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Definition
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Term
| In what stage of sleep do we have our most vivid dreams? |
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Definition
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Term
| Give one reason why we sleep and briefly explain it |
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Definition
| Health: Sleep restores the body |
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Term
| List 3 health risks related to sleep deprivation |
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Definition
Weakens the immune system
Slows reaction time
Increases likelihood of weight gain |
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Term
| How could sleep have been protective for our ancestors? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does REM sleep have to do with memory? |
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Definition
| This is when we encode and consolidate our memories |
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Term
| What is the major symptom of insomnia? |
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Definition
| Persistent problems falling and staying asleep |
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Term
| What is the major symptom of narcolepsy? |
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Definition
| Periodic overwhelming urges to sleep |
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Term
| What is the major symptom of sleep apnea? |
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Definition
| Stop breathing during sleep |
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Term
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Definition
Sudden arousal and intense fear
"Nightmares on crack" |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| According to Freud, what are dreams? |
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Definition
| Expressions of unconscious wish fufillment |
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Term
| What are phallic symbols? Give an example |
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Definition
| Symbols of unconscious urges |
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Term
| According to most cognitive psychologists, what are dreams? |
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Definition
| Result of your brain sorting and filing the days thoughts |
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Term
| What does the activation-synthesis hypothesis have to say about dreams? |
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Definition
| Brains attempt to make sense of random neural firings |
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Term
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Definition
| Altered state of awareness in which the individual is unusually susceptible to suggestion |
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Term
| What kinds of people are most likely to be hypnotized? |
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Definition
| The people who get lost in thoughts and tasks easily |
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Term
| Can hypnosis be used to reliably enhance recall of forgotten events? Briefly explain |
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Definition
| No, you are too susceptible to suggestion |
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Term
| What can't a hypnotist get a hypnotized person to do? |
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Definition
| Violate their personal beliefs or do extreme things |
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Term
| What is hypnosis used for? |
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Definition
| Therapy and stress/pain relief |
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Term
| How do depressants work on the brain? |
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Definition
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Term
| List 3 effects of alcohol on the brain. |
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Definition
Slows activity in frontal lobe
Slows activity in cerebellum
Blocks REM |
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Term
| Give 2 examples of depressants |
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Definition
Alcohol
Heroin
Morphine
Barbiturates |
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Term
| How do stimulants work on the brain? |
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Definition
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Term
| Give 2 examples of stimulants |
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Definition
Amphetamines
Ecstasy
Caffeine
Nicotine
Cocaine |
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Term
| What are 2 ways Ecstasy affects the neural pathways? |
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Definition
| Trigger an over-release of dopamine and serotonin |
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Term
What do hallucinogens do in the brain?
Give and example of a hallucinogen |
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Definition
Mimic neurotransmitters and create false perceptions
LSD and weed |
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Term
| Each cell nucleus contains 46 ___________ |
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Definition
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Term
If all your chromosome pairs are XX you are a _________.
If all your chromosome pairs are XY you are a _________. |
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Definition
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Term
Each chromosome is composed of a coiled chain (or ladder) of ____.
The links of that chain (or ladder) are called ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Most of our traits are influenced not by individual genes per se, but by ______ ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Who conducted the first twin study in 1979? |
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Definition
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Term
| Briefly explain how to conduct a twin study to examine the effects of genes on traits. |
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Definition
| Compare identical twins that were raised apart and see how similar they are. |
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Term
| Briefly explain how to conduct an adoption study to examine the effects of genes on traits. |
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Definition
| Compare an adopted child to both sets of parents (Biological and Adoptive) |
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Term
| Adoption studies have shown which set of parents to be most influential in determining one's personality? What about manner and values? |
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Definition
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Term
| Give the definition of natural selection discussed in class. |
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Definition
| The process through which traits that lead to increased reproduction and survival will get passed on to future generations |
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Term
| Nature "selects" animals with traits that make them the ______ in their environment |
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Definition
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Term
| Species change because of ________ or random genetic variation, that occur in each generation. These random occurrences are the key to evolution |
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Definition
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Term
| How could our love of sweet and fatty foods be explained evolutionarily? |
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Definition
| Our ancestors needed to store fat because they needed to work for food |
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Term
| How could our common fears be explained evolutionarily? |
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Definition
Spiders, snakes and heights
Benefited our ancestors to avoid these things |
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Term
| How could the make sex drive be explained evolutionarily? |
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Definition
Males can have more babies by having more sex;
Also, males do not have to invest in the baby once it's born |
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Term
| Name one physical trait heterosexual men find attractive in women and explain it from an evolutionary perspective. Do the same for heterosexual women. |
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Definition
Men like a woman's hips because they more easily give birth to the child.
Women like a man's physique (muscles, broad shoulders) because that meant the man could provide and protect for the woman. |
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Term
| How could the prenatal environment affect who we become? |
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Definition
| The nutrition and toxins the mother consumes affects the baby |
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Term
| How could an enriched early environment affect who we become? |
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Definition
| Increase brain wight by 7-10% and synapse by 20% |
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Term
| Peer influence quickly come to exceed parental influence, especially in the social realm. This may be scary for parents, but evolutionarily speaking, it makes sense. Briefly explain. |
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Definition
| We live, work and play in a world of our peers, not our parents |
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Term
|
Definition
| Unspoken rules of behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| Expected behavior based on gender |
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Term
| What is the definition of developmental psychology given in class? |
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Definition
| The scientific study of the physical, mental and social/emotional changes that occur throughout our lifetime |
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Term
| Immediately after conception, the fertilized eff is now called a(n) __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The "magical" cells that make up a zygote are called __________ cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| About 10 days post-conception, the mass of dividing cells attaches to the wall of the uterus. It is now called a(n) ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| By 9 weeks post-conception, the mass of cells looks unmistakably human. It is now called a(n) _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| At what point post conception does the fetus have a chance for survival outside the womb? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are taratogens? Give 2 examples. |
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Definition
Harmful agents;
Viruses, drugs, alcohol |
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Term
| Briefly describe the rooting reflex in newborns. |
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Definition
| If you brush their cheek, they will open their mouth and turn their head in order to find the nipple. |
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Term
| Briefly describe the sucking reflex in newborns. |
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Definition
| Will such on anything in their mouth |
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Term
| Briefly describe the grasping reflex in newborns. |
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Definition
| Close hand around anything placed in palm |
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Term
| Briefly describe the stepping reflex in newborns. |
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Definition
| Push off of any surface placed against the bottoms of their feet |
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Term
| What is the universal order of motor skill development? In other words, give 4 motor skills in the order in which a baby develops them. |
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Definition
Roll over
Sit unsupported
Creep/crawl
Walk |
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Term
| Define infantile amnesia. |
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Definition
| The inability to remember what happens before the age of 3 |
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Term
| Why does infantile amnesia most likely occur? |
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Definition
| At the age of 3, we develop language so we can begin to remember things |
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Term
| Memories prior to the age of 3 years old are most likely false memories. How are they created? |
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Definition
| Someone telling you something over and over that didn't happen, so your brain doesn't know the difference between reality and the imagination |
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Term
| My niece Gwen is between 7-12 years old. According to Piaget, what stage of cognitive development is she in? What should we expect from her? |
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Definition
| Concrete operational stage: Logic, math and conservation |
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Term
| Name, in order, Piaget's 4 stages of cognitive development |
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Definition
Sensory motor stage
Pre-operational stage
Concrete operational stage
Formal operational stage |
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|
Term
| Define object permanence. During which stage is it acquired? |
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Definition
The ability to recognize that things still exist even when they are out of sight;
Sensory Motor stage |
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Term
| Children in Piaget's pre-operational stage of cognitive development are egocentric, but not self-centered. Briefly explain |
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Definition
| Can't perceive the world from anyone else's perspective |
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Term
| What is theory of mind? During what stage is it acquired? |
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Definition
Ability to what others know;
Pre-operational stage |
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Term
| Define Piaget's concept of conservation. During which stage is it acquired? |
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Definition
Ability to recognize that quantity stays the same despite a change in shape;
Concrete operational stage |
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Term
| Briefly describe the skills gained during Piaget's formal operations stage of cognitive development |
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Definition
Reasoning expands from concrete to abstract;
Hypothetical thinking, sarcasm, metaphors |
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Term
| _________ separated monkeys from their mothers shortly after birth and raised them in isolation with two fake mothers, one made of bare wire and one made of terrycloth. From this work, he determined that ________, not food, is the basis of attachment |
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Definition
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Term
| In animals, attachments based on familiarity often form shortly after birth. Some species of animals form attachments to the first moving thing that they see after birth/hatching. _________ discovered this in his work with ducklings. He called it ___________. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| According to Erickson, emotionally we develop in stages that are marked by what? |
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Definition
| Tasks or crises that we must overcome |
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Term
| List in order, the first 4 stages of socio-emotional development according to Erikson |
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Definition
Trust vs. Mistrust
Autonomy vs. Doubt
Initiative vs. Guilt
Competence vs. Inferiority |
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Term
| List, in order the last 4 stages of socio-emotional development according to Erikson |
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Definition
Identity vs. Confusion
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Integrity vs. Despair |
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Term
| Psychical development in adolescence can be summed up in one word |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| At what age does puberty typically begin for girls? For boys? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Both primary and secondary sex characteristics mature during puberty. Give examples of both |
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Definition
Primary = Reproductive organs and external genitalia
Secondary = Breast, Hips, Voice, Hair, Shoulders |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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Term
| In adolescents, the frontal lobe maturation lags behind limbic system maturation. How does this affect adolescent behavior? |
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Definition
| Decisions are often emotion-based |
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Term
| Define adolescent egocentrism |
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Definition
| Belief that others are as pre-occupied with me as I am with myself |
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Term
| Adolescent ego-centrism often leads to two incorrect ways of thinking. Name them. |
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Definition
| Imaginary Audience and Personal Fable |
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Term
| Define imaginary audience. |
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Definition
| Belief that everyone notices them, always |
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Term
|
Definition
| Belief that one is unique and "no one gets me" |
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Term
| Kohlberg proposed stages of moral reasoning development.Name all 3 stages in order. |
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Definition
Pre-conventional morality
Conventional morality
Post-conventional morality |
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Term
| Choose one of Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning development and briefly describe it. |
|
Definition
Post-conventional Morality:
Moral reasoning focuses on universal human rights (question laws and rights) |
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Term
| Teenagers are struggling to develop their answer to the question, "Who am I?" Part of their answer to this question comes from their social identity. What is that? |
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Definition
| The part of our self-concept that comes from group membership |
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Term
| Pschologists are now defining a not-yet-settled phase of life that more and more are entering into between the ages of 18-25. People are taking more time to finish college, leave the nest, and establish careers. What are psychologists calling this phase of life? |
|
Definition
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