Term
| The nervous system is divided into what two parts? |
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Definition
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Term
| afferent fibers send a signal which direction |
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Definition
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Term
| efferent fibers send a signal which direction |
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Definition
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Term
| Peripheral nervous system has what divisions |
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Definition
| somatic nervous system, autonomic nervous system |
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Term
| the autonomic nervous system has what two divisions |
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Definition
| sympathetic, parasympathetic |
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Term
| the CNS is composed of what 5 major subdivisions |
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Definition
| spinal cord, brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon, cerebrum |
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Term
| what is the cerebrum derived from |
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Definition
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Term
| what constitutes the majority of the weight of the brain and occupies most of the skull |
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Definition
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Term
| what structure lies above the brain stem |
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Definition
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Term
| what does the diencephalon consist of |
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Definition
| thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus |
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Term
| what does the brain stem consist of? (3) |
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Definition
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Term
| lower end of the brainstem continues as what |
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Definition
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Term
| structure which lies inferior to the cerebrum and posterior to the brain stem |
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Definition
|
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Term
| include all nerve tissue other than the brain and spinal cord |
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Definition
| peripheral nervous system |
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Term
| a spinal nerve has two points of attachment to the spinal cord, what are they and what are their roles |
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Definition
| posterior (sensory), anterior (motor) |
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Term
| how many pairs of nerves are there |
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Definition
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Term
| where does the spinal cord terminate |
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Definition
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Term
| Development of the neural plate begins when |
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Definition
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Term
| What gives rise to the CNS |
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Definition
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Term
| initially, the CNS appears as a thickening of ectoderm called the.... |
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Definition
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Term
| the neural plate extends towards what |
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Definition
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Term
| later, the lateral edges of the neural plate become elevated to form what |
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Definition
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Term
| the lateral edges of the neural plate become elevated to form the neural folds, leaving the depressed midregion to form what |
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Definition
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Term
| as the neural folds approximate in the midline what happens |
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Definition
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Term
| where does fusion of the neural folds start? |
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Definition
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Term
| fusion of the neural folds begins in the cervical region and proceeds in which direction |
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Definition
| cephalic, caudal directions |
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Term
| the complete fusion of the neural folds results in what |
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Definition
| formation of the neural tube |
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Term
| each end of the neural tube remains temporarily open in connection what what |
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Definition
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Term
| the neural tube remains temporarily open with the amniotic cavity by way of what? |
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Definition
| anterior and posterior neuropores |
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Term
| Which neuropore closes first |
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Definition
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Term
| after closure of the neuropores, the CNS forms a closed tubular structure with a narrow caudal portion, and a broader cephalic portion. What is the narrow caudal portion? |
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Definition
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Term
| after closure of the neuropores, the CNS forms a closed tubular structure with a narrow caudal portion, and a broader cephalic portion. What is the broader cephalic portion? |
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Definition
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Term
| during development and after closure of the neural tube, what cells rapidly divide and proliferate? |
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Definition
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Term
| when the neural tube closes, neuroepithelium gives rise to what cell |
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Definition
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Term
| neuroblast cells will later form what layer |
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Definition
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Term
| neuroblast cells eventually form the mantle layer. the mantle layer differentiates into what |
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Definition
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Term
| During the development of the spinal cord, what is the outermost layer |
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Definition
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Term
| what layer contains nerve fibers emerging from the neuroblasts in the mantle layer? |
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Definition
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Term
| the marginal layer will later become what |
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Definition
| white matter of the spinal cord |
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Term
| what are the 3 primary brain vesicles |
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Definition
| prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 2 flexures of the cephalic end of the neural tube |
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Definition
| cervical flexure, cephalic flexure |
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Term
| where is the cervical flexure located |
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Definition
| junction of hindbrain and spinal cord |
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Term
| where is the cephalic flexure located |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are the 2 parts of the prosencephalon |
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Definition
| telencephalon, diencephalon |
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Term
| primitive cerebral hemispheres aka |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 parts of the rhombencephalon |
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Definition
| metencephalon, myelencephalon |
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Term
| what part of the rhombencephalon will later form the pons and cerebellum |
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Definition
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Term
| origin, differenetiation, development of skeletal muscles |
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Definition
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Term
| what does skeletal muscle arise from |
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Definition
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Term
| differentiation of muscle involves changes in what (3) |
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Definition
| structure, biochemistry, excitability |
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Term
| Myogenesis: What are the 3 major stages prior to innervation |
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Definition
| myoblast, myotube, myofiber |
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Term
| what are progenitors of skeletal muscle called |
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Definition
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Term
| function of presumptive myoblasts |
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Definition
| synthesize DNA, divide mitotically, are mononuclated |
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Term
| what do presumptive myoblasts need to do in order to be referred to as just myoblasts |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| mononucleated, capable of fusing |
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Term
| major difference between presumptive myoblasts and myoblasts |
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Definition
| myoblasts cease synthesizing DNA |
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Term
| what do myoblasts begin to synthesize instead of DNA |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the first contractile filament to appear on the periphery of myoblasts |
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Definition
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Term
| after actin appears on the periphery of the myoblast, what appears in the interior of the cell |
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Definition
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Term
| how are myosin and actin synthesize during myogenesis |
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Definition
| independently of each other |
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Term
| Myoblasts become myotubes when: 1 |
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Definition
| myofilaments become prominent |
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Term
| Myoblasts become myotubes when: 2 |
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Definition
| myoblasts fuse with other myoblasts |
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Term
| Myoblasts become myotubes when: 3 |
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Definition
| myoblast fusion causes the new cell to become multinucleated |
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Term
| Myoblasts become myotubes when: 4 |
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Definition
| nuclei are centrally located and actin/myosin are located in periphery |
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Term
| fusion of mybolsts into myotubes triggers many changes within the cell, such as (2) |
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Definition
| structure and enzyme composition |
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Term
| fusion of myoblasts into myotubes triggers many changes in the membrane, such as (2) |
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Definition
| electrical and chemical excitability |
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Term
| What is chemical excitablity |
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Definition
| insertion of membrane protein molecules that later become chemically gated channels |
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Term
| chemical excitability is endowed by what |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what opens cholinergic receptors |
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Definition
|
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Term
| When AcH activates cholinergic receptors, what happens |
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Definition
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Term
| What occurs when maturation of myotubes occurs? (2) |
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Definition
| sacroplasmic reticulum form, T-tubules and terminal cisternae form |
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Term
| myotubes progress to become myofibers when (2) |
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Definition
| nuclei are pushed peripherally and actin/myosin are centralized |
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Term
| What happens to the resting membrane potential when myoblasts progress into myotubes |
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Definition
| decrease in potential, ie -10 to -50 mV |
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Term
| Myofibers will not become a mature, functional muscle fibers unless what |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| early stages of synaptogenesis include what (3) |
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Definition
| adhesion between 2 cells, establishment of functional interactions, occurence of ultra structural changes |
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Term
| after a neuron has reached its final resting position, what begins |
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Definition
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Term
| one motor neuron innervates many muscle cells to form what |
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Definition
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Term
| What 4 factors that effect how growth cones reach their targets? |
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Definition
| contact-mediated attraction, contact-mediated repulsion, chemoattraction, chemorepulsion |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| neural groove becomes what |
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Definition
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Term
| the growth cone phase of synaptogenesis is characterized by what |
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Definition
| producing new membrane and synthesizing proteins |
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Term
| the bouton phase of synaptogenesis is characterized by what |
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Definition
| synthesizing Ach instead of proteins and producing new membrane |
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Term
| mature pre-synaptic endings store, package, and release what? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do presynaptic vesicles release Ach: In the resting presynaptic bouton, vesicles are anchored to what |
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Definition
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Term
| How do presynaptic vesicles release Ach: in the resting presynaptic bouton, vesicles are anchored to the cytoskeleton, the membrane is impermeable to what |
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Definition
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Term
| How do presynaptic vesicles release Ach: Depolarization causes the botoun to what |
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Definition
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Term
| How do presynaptic vesicles release Ach: Depolarization causes the bouton to become permeable to Ca+2 allowing the vesicles to do what |
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Definition
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Term
| Later, mature post synaptic elements synthesize what |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 changes that occur in muscle cell secondary to innervation |
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Definition
| redistribution of Ach receptors, formation of an endplate, Acetylcholinesterase synthesis |
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Term
| Nerves release what on muscle cells throughout life to ensure the health of the muscle |
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Definition
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Term
| After a nerve synapses with a muscle cell, what begins to form |
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Definition
| nerve begins to form dendrites |
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Term
| The muscle sends the nerve a message to begin to form dendrites via what |
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Definition
| retrograde axonal transmission |
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