Term
| Institution of Social Control (8) |
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Definition
| An organization that persuades people, through subtle and not so subtle means, to abide by the dominant values of society |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of proof necessary for a reasonably intelligent person to beliece that a crime has been comitted or that items connected with criminal activity can be found in a particular place. It is the standard of proof needed to conduct a search or make an arrest. |
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Term
| Major differences between Packer's crime control and due process models. |
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Definition
| CCM reflects traditional conservative values. DPM embodies traditional liberal values. CCM the control of criminal behavior is by far the most important function of CJ. Consequently, the primary focus is on efficiency in the operation of the CJ process. The goal of DPM is at least as much to protect the innocent as it is to convict the guilty. Fundamentally, DPM defends the ideal of personal freedom and its protection and rests on the assumption that the prevention of tyranny on the part of the govt and its agents is the most imp function of the CJ process |
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Term
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Definition
| Group of 12 to 23 citizens who meet in closed sessions to investigate charges coming from prelim hearings or to engage in other responsibilities. Purpose is to determine whether there is pC to beleive that the accused committed the crime or crimes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A method of prison release whereby inmates are conditionally released at the discretion of a board or other authority before having completed their entire sentence |
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Term
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Definition
| also known as summary trial. A trial before a judge without a jury. |
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Term
| Describe how the type of crime routinely presented by the media compares with crime routinely committed |
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Definition
| Crime presented by the media is usually more sensational than crime routinely committed |
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Term
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Definition
| A sentence in which the offender, rather than being incarcerated, is retained in the community under the supervision of a probation agency and required to abide by certain rules and conditions to avoid incarceration. |
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Term
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Definition
| A smoothly operating set of arrangements and institutions directed toward the achievement of common goals. |
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Term
| Doctrine of Legal Guilt (18) |
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Definition
| The principle that people are not to be held guilty of crimes merely on a showing, based on reliable evidence, that in all probability they did in fact do what they are accused of doing. Legal guilt results on when factual guilt is determined in a procedurally regular fashion, as in a criminal trial, and when the procedural rules designed to protect suspects and defendants and to safeguard the integrityof the process are employed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Beliefs based on emotion rather than analysis |
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Term
| Identify institutions of social control, and explain what makes CJ an institution of social control. |
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Definition
| I.O.S.C. include the family, schools, organized religion, media, law and CJ. They attempt to persuade people to abide by the dominant values of society. CJ is restricted to persuading people to abide by a limitied range of social values, the violation of which constitutes crime. |
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Term
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Definition
| The seizing or the taking of a person into custody by lawful authority; either actual physical custody, as when a suspect is handcuffed by a police officer, or constructive custody, as when a person peacefully submits to a police officer's control. |
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Term
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Definition
| A less serious crime generally punishable by a fine or by incarceration in jail for not more than 1 year. |
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Term
| Summarize how the CJ system responds to crime. |
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Definition
| The typical response is investigation, arrest, booking, formal charging, initial appearance, preliminary hearing if a felony, indictment by a grand jury followed by arraignment or arrignment on an information; plea bargain or trial, sentencing, possible appeal, and punishment (if the defendant is found guilty. |
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Term
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Definition
| A person against whom a legal action is brought, a warrant is issued, or an indictment is found. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of Packer's two models of the CJ process. It reflects traditional liberal values. The principal goal of CJ is at least as much to protect the innocent as it is to convict the guilty. |
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Term
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Definition
| A serious offense punishable by confinement in prison for more than 1 year or by death. |
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Term
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Definition
| A document that outlines the formal charge(s) against a suspect, the law(s) that have been violated and the evidence to support the charge(s). |
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Term
| Explain why CJ in the US is sometimes considered a nonsystem |
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Definition
| Two reasons. First, there is no single system but instead a loose confederation of more than 50000 federal, state and local agencies. Second, rather than being a smoothly operating set of arrangements and institutions, the agencies of the CJ system interact with one another but generally operate independently, often causing problems for one another. |
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Term
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Definition
| Usually a monetary guarantee deposited with the court that is suppose to ensure that the suspect or defendant will appear at a later stage in the CJ process. |
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Term
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Definition
| A politically defined geographical area. The right or authority of a justice agency to act with regard to a particular subject matter, territory, or person. The authority of a court to hear and decide cases. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pretrial stage in which a defendant is brought before a lower court to be given notice of the charge(s) and advised of their constitutional rights. |
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Term
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Definition
| The administrative recording of an arrest. Typically, the name, charges, fingerprint and photograph are entered into police blotter. |
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Term
| Explain how myths about crime and CJ affect the CJ system |
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Definition
| The acceptance and perpetuation of myths, or simplistic beliefs based on emotion rather than rigorous analysis, can harm the CJ system by contributing to the failure to reduce crime and to the waste of money in the battle against crime. |
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Term
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Definition
| Also known as bench trial. A traial before a judge without a jury. |
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Term
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Definition
| The practice whereby the prosecutor, the DA, the defendant, and in many jurisdictions, the judge agree on a specific sentence to be imposed if the accused pleads guilty to an agreed upon charge instead of going to a trial. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pretrial stage used in about one-half of all states and only in felony cases. It is for the judge to determine whether there is PC to support the charge or charges imposed by the prosecutor. |
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Term
| Describe the costs of CJ in the US and compare with costs among federal, state and local governments. |
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Definition
| 2007, 227.5 billion. $104b on police protection, judicial/legal services (50b), corrections (74b) bulk is at state/local but fed spends money strategically to influence CJ policy at the other levels. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pretrial stage, its primary purpose is to hear the formal introduction or indictment and to allow the defendant to enter a plea. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of Packer's two models of the CJ process. It reflects traditional conservative values. The control of criminal behavior is the most imp function of CJ. |
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