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| responsible for sophisticated calculation of actual age of earth based on bible and Mediterranean histories stating that the earth was created in 4004 BC. (ie, earth 6000 years old) Did not realize there was a period of human development w/o writing or iron. Upon finding ancient features of earth, fossilized animals, stone tools, etc, they didn't know what to think- called them "tricks of nature" and believed stone tools were "remnants of thunder and lightning" or "the work of fairies and elves" |
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| 3-age system. In 18th century, people collected objects for the sake of collecting. In thinking about the categorization of their finds, Thomsen tried to arrange them into "stone" "iron" and "bronze" although he had no way to support his belief in this classification system (see Worsaae) |
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| assistant to Thomsen who found that artifacts made out of bronze were above stone artifacts in the ground and iron were closest to the surface, allowing for proof of chronology of these 3 ages that Thomsen had proposed |
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| credited with the first scientific excavation. He devided to dig in a conical mound in Mississippi valley and instead of just looking for things to show off (like antiquarians), he carefully recorded the different layers encountered |
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| Sir William Flinders Petrie |
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| advocated the recovery of ALL objects, not just pretty things, the total recording of an excavation (EVERYTHING that went on), sequence dating (we had not methods to date things), started archaeological schools, and advocated full publication (ie if you excavate and don't publish your findings you're doing others a disservice) |
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| General Augustus Lane Fox Pitt-Rivers |
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| advocated the recovery of ALL objects, not just the pretty ones. Was also in favor of recording all of an excavation, use sequence dating (ie building a chronology), starting achaeological schools, and full publication of what was found in digs |
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| along with Pitt-Rivers and Petrie, advocated recovery of all objects (not just pretty ones), and wanted to record everything that went on in an excavation, use sequence dating, start archaeological schools, and advocate full publication of finds |
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| (Correctly) attributed stone tools found to ancient humans creating things before the discovery of iron. Was not believed. |
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| found stone hand-axes and rightly attributed them to humans. He said that they were made by Britons before iron was known. He was not believed. |
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| one of the scholars that saught enlightenment in the 18th century. Studied layers of earth and suggested that processes responsible for the way the earth looked were the same processes that operated in the past. (ie UNIFORMITARIANISM) This formed the basis of modern archaeology. |
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| In the 19th century, saught enlightenment. Was a subscriber to the belief in unifomitarianism ie the belief that the same processes that made earth look the way it does have been working this way for a long time. Associated with James Hutton as well. Formed the basis of modern archaeology. |
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| Until uniformitarianism, Nanderthal's remains were... |
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| ...unexplainable, and thought to be diseased modern individuals |
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| geologically ancient conditions were in essence the same as our own |
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| realized that depth was correlated with age and was the first to present actual evidence of stone tools within a site with bones etc |
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| Jacques Boucher de Perthes |
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| found chipstone artifacts and animals bones |
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| Significance of Darwin's Principles of Evolution |
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| the concept of evolution is the best explanation for the origin of ALL plants and animals and natural selection was the means for this change. He believed that distribution of animals was the result of change over a long period of time. It opened the door for other studies to use the same concept of change |
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| witch doctor from Kenya whose belief in magic is not all that different from our own use of a lucky rabbit's foot, etc, to be lucky |
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| 4 sub-disciplines of anthro |
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| Archaeology, Physical Anthro (aka Bio anthro), Cultural Anthro, and Linguistic Anthro |
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| culture is what unifies the 4 subdisciplines, and according to Tylor (?), culture is complex whole that includes language, law, custom, and some other stuff |
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| the study of human past through its material remains (left intentionally or otherwise) |
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| we study remains because... |
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| they're the consequences of human behavior |
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| covers enormous span pre-writing (about 5000 years ago writing developed) |
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| focus heavily on written record, also on architecture and art (ie Rome) |
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| tends to focus on recent stuff (vikings, middle ages) and rely on the written and physical remains |
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| special techniques to recover material from wrecks, etc |
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| creature a culture history (either obtain or create a chronology of the past), reconstruct the many lifeways that no longer exist and find what we're missing, and understand change (ie, cause and effect patterns) |
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| object created or modified by humans, such as pottery, ceramics, stone tools, baskets, bone combs, harpoons, nets, and even clothing (if an archaeologist gets lucky) |
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| not a hard and fast category, can be a bit blurred with artifact. It's a remain that has cultural significance but that does not owe its form to human behavior. Examples are animals bones discarded at a site, insect remains, pollen (helpful to look at seasonality), seeds, etc |
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| when modern archaeologists try to discover the steps taken by ancient people in, for example, the stone tool making process. |
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| non-portable artifacts that have cultural roles but cannot be removed from their habitat. Examples are postholes, a kiln, or a hearth |
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| formally defined as a concentration of artifacts showing where human activity takes place. But for her, it's a location where we have the remains (as little as a single stone tool) or traces of human activity where they've been preserved |
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| physical medium that holds or supports archaeological data. Usually soil, sand, clay, sometimes shell. (shell mounds are very difficult to excavate) |
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| movie about Cerén (El Salvador), Copan (Honduras), and Teotihuacan (Valley of Mexico) |
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| Mayan pyramids and statues, building of mud and thatch, huge clay vessels, basket once holding corn, ax blades, squash, chili, beans, seeds in clay pot, mouse bones |
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| raised stone platform (sleeping bench), shattered obsidian blades from knives |
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| Teotihuacan (Valley of Mexico) |
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| alter, pyramids, marine shells, pottery shards (revealing that they used moulds), masks, little statues, skeletons with holes above eye sockets and ridges in mandible that could be used to tell if people might be related. Here, huge groups of 30-100 people would live together. They believe that this was based on lineage, and that each house held an extended family. |
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