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| reject important aspects of modernity and want to go back to what they perceive as the purity of an "authentic" social/political order manifested in the sacred way of life of their ancestors |
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| idea that all the worlds religions have members in every country or society |
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| "to choose", one who is not simply born into a given religion or identity but must choose it, evenif it is only to choose to retain the identity offered by the circumstances of his or her birth |
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| the weaving together of alien and indigenous religious beliefs and practices; or the combining of elements from different practices to create a new religion |
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| a religion of Northern Asia in which shamans are believed to be able to intercede between humanity and good and evil spirits |
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| a religious practice involving nature-worship and witchraft |
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| a Buddhist monk who is founder of Nichiren Buddhism. He sought to reform Buddhism in Japan and that the Lotus Sutra is only true Buddhist text |
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| (mindfulness meditation)-careful attending to or being mindful of the three characteristics of existential reality(suffering, impermanence, and nonself) |
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| location of Guatama Siddhartha's attainment of Enlightenment, one of four pilgrammage sites for Buddha |
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| a term signifying a pattern of reform in which Buddhists protested colonial rule yet adopted perspectives and missionary techniques of Protestant Christianity |
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| "Law wheel practice", spiritual discipline introduced in China in 1992 |
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| religions that emerge by breaking with traditional beliefs and practices, typically through the influence of other religious practices around the globe due to the influence of global media and global travel |
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| chairman of Communist Party of China, Four Greats(Great Teacher, Great Leader, Great Commander, Great Helmsman) |
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| a new form of Kannon devotionalism in Japan organized to seek the forgiveness of the spirits of aborted fetuses, until they fulfill their destiny and continue on to another human rebirth |
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| Nichiren Buddhist offshoot, now global religion seeking world peace through Mahayana Buddhist teachings |
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| given name of sage to whom Catholic missionaries later gave the Latinate name Confucius |
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| Heavenly Lord, thought to preside over early Chinese pantheon, term Christians used as translation for God |
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| the cult of Tu-di Gong, the "earth ruler" who controls fertility, widespread among farmers in China during the millenium from the Zhou dynasty until the fall of Han |
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| a supreme overlord believed to keep records on each individual soul, according to texts found in Han-era tombs in China |
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| mysterious power that moves the universe and all beings |
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| Confucian ideal of being "fully human" in ethics, manners and cultivation |
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| in Confucian thought, individual performances needed for personal development, including manners, service to others, and rituals |
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| Confucian ideal of children honoring their parents, attitude that extends to the ruler |
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| "Old Sage, reputed author of Daodejing and founder of Daoism |
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| collection of sayings attributed to Confucius |
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| first major disciple of Master K'ung; a systematizer of Confucian ideals who lived 371-289 BCE |
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| spiritual force possessed by geographic places, such as rivers, mountains, caves, as well as by deities and charismatic sages |
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| second great Daoist classic |
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| vital force of life within individuals and in nature |
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| discipline of cultivating the vital individual life force that can be used for worldly goals such as healing or to reach immortality |
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| "noninterference" or "non forced action"--an ideal in Daoism |
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| Confucian canan attributed to Master K'ung (Book of Changes, Book of Documents, Book of Poetry, and Book of Rites, and a historical work that uses events in the early Chinese state to show how to assess praise and blame |
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| indigenous religion of Japan that reveres the deities of the islands, including the emperor |
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| deity of Japan associated with places, certain animals, and the emperor |
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| great Chinese master of neo-Confucianism though who integrated into Confucianism elements of Buddhism and Daoism and established core rituals of subsequent tradition |
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| tradition originating in the Song dynasty and developed subsequently by masters such as Zhu Xi who sought to harmonize early Confucian humanism with more cosmological theories of Daoism and karma doctrine of Buddhism, adopting meditation techniques from both |
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| Buddhist doctrine of the world in decline, especially that human cannot pracitce meditation as well as in the time of the Buddha |
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| Neo-Shintoism (state Shinto) |
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Definition
| Meiji's state's adoption of Shinto as state religion, with emperor as focal divinity, which lasted from 1868 to 1945 |
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| 19th century revolt in China led by converts to Christianity, who established a separate state in the city of Nanjing, resulting vivil war was bloodiest in world history |
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| Tenrikyo (Religion of Heavenly Wisdom) |
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| founded by Nakayma Miki and became a recognized Shinto sect in 1838; essential for salvation are a dance ritual, and intitiation, and performance of daily social service for others |
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| Chinese god of war, regarded as protector of merchants |
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| yearly spring festival when Chinese visit and clean family graves and then feast after making offering to the ancestors |
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| spiritual traditin centered on family and locality, informed by common ideas from Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism |
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| deity residing in every household, thought to observe and report on family events to his celestial superiors yearly |
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| culture of literate elite informed by Confucius and his disciples, who mastered the classics and rituals |
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| mysterious and spontaneous energy of the universe |
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| Chinese tradition advocating the way to harmony for individual and society based on understanding natural forces and flowing with life naturally |
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| Chinese tradition that cultivates individual immortality through either alchemical infusions or meditative practices |
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| acceptance of "right beliefs" or "doctrines" based on sacred texts as formulated by religious authorities |
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| the practice of "right actions" or rituals as prescribed by sacred traditions |
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| religios tradition whose basic perception entails belief in an inner soul that gives life and ultimate identity to humans, animals, and plants and that places primary emphasis on experimental rituals in which humans interact with other souls |
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| mythological account of the creation |
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| a shaman-led nationwide movement aimed at reviving the indigenous nations of North America; ended in 1890 when US massacred 300 people at Wounded Knee |
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| a "pan-american" movement among American Native peoples that has factions related in varying ways to Christianity but that are united in their ceremonial use of the cactus peyote as the group's own communal sacrament |
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| a supernatural agent, often an ancestral spirit, whose help is required by a shaman to perform the difficult soul journeys, negotiate with evil spirits, compel a soul to return, or increase shaman's healing power |
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| westerners who create global organizations propagating a purported "universal" shamanic tradition, charging high fees for tours, courses, initiations, and healing services, some pledging to use some of the proceeds to assist indigenous shamans |
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| a form of Judaism emerging in the 18th century, focused on piety and joy, with strong roots in Jewish mysticism |
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| the essential declaration of monotheistic faith as found in Judaism:"Hear o Israel, the Lord our God, the Lord is One" |
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| the desire to return to the land of Israel as a homeland; in modern times, the secular movement started by Theodor Herzl that led to the formation of the state of Israel |
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| the oral Torah, recorded in the Mishnah, and the commentary on the Mishnah called the Gemara, there are two Talmuds:the Bavli and the Yerushalmi; the former is considered the more comprehensive and authoritative |
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| the dispersion of a religious people outside their geographic homeland, where they must live as a minority among others |
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| symbol taken from the natural world that stands for a social group possesing a common origin and essence |
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| earliest religious stories found everywhere |
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| China and the the great cosmic story that emerged was that of the Dao |
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| middle east and history that comprises the realm of human experience, instead of telling stories, make the "story" itself the central metaphor of religious experession |
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| a rabbi is a teacher: the name came to designate the Judaism of the dual Torah created by the Pharisees, which came to be normative in the premodern period |
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| branch of Judaism that seeks to adapt religious practice to modern times and rejects that Moses was literally given the Torah by God |
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| Austrian Jewish journalist who is founder of modern Zionism |
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| Wailing Wall (Western Wall) |
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| retaining wall from Second Temple which was destroyed by Romans, |
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| separation of church and state in which the state is answerable to the church in religious matters while the church is answerable to the state in secular matters yet both exist to promote the spread of the Gospel |
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| unity of church and state, 1st christian Roman emperor who believed the state exists to rule over and protect the church as official religion of empire |
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| refers to churches that emphasize possession by the Holy Spirit and speaking in tongues |
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| Elightenment view that God created the world the way a watchmaker creates a clock and leaves it to run on its own without interference |
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| first term was used to assert that the Word of God through which all things were created is "the same as" God; second term was used to assert that this Word was "like God" |
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| Muslim community of believers |
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| successor of Muhammed as the political and military head of the Muslim community |
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| narrative report of Muhammed's sayings and actions |
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| oneness, unity, and uniqueness of God; absolute monotheism |
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| consensus; in Islamic law, refers to agreement of scholars on interpretation of legal questions; some have reinterpreted this principle to justify the right of a parliament to enact legislation |
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| annual pilgrimage to Mecca; all Muslims should make the hajj at least once in their lifetime, but it is recognized that individual circumstances may make compliance impossible |
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| official prayer or worship performed five times each day |
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| almsgiving, one of the Five Pillars of Islam: 2.5 percent tithe on one's net worth to help the poor is required of all Muslims |
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| Islamic law; straight path |
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| declaration of faith, witness, testimony; refers to the declaration of Muslim faith: "There is no god but God and Muhammed is his messenger" |
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| "release" from samsara, freedom from future rebirth and redeath |
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| a ritual offering to a Hindu or bohisattva deity, budda, or bodhisattva |
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| "the world" of rebirth subject to the law of karma and the inevitable reality of death, a religious understanding shared by Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism |
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| world spirit that arises at creation, which Hindus hold is either in impersonal form, nirguna Brahman, or human form, saguna Brahman |
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| in Hindu thought, the sould that resides in the heart, is the source of both life energy and spiritual awareness, and transmigrates after death |
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| literally "action" but also meaning the effects of actions that, through a hidden natural casuality, condition a being's future; Hindus fix karma as acting on the inborn soul, Buddhists define its effects on the consciousness and habits |
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| a doctrinal formula focusing on diagnosing the human condition as marked by suffering and distorted by desire and then prescribing the Eightfold Path as a solution |
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| the distinctive Buddhist shrine, a raised mound surmounted by a cermonial pole and umbrella; contains the relics of a Buddha or enlightened saint, either the literal bodily relics or other items left behingd, such as words in textual form or clothing items worn |
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| a blissful state achieved by individuals who have cut off their karma by ending desire, attachment, and ignorance; after death, they enter the final transpersonal state for eternity, free from future rebirth |
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| the Japanese Mahayana Buddhist school focused on mediation practice, as transmitted from and organized in China as the Ch'an |
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| In Mayahana Buddhism, the belief that Buddhas and advanced bohisattvas can through their inexhaustible merit create rebirth realms where humans can easily engage in Buddhist practices conducive to enlightenment |
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| wandering ascetics known at the time of the Buddha |
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| traditionalists, the last surviving Buddhist school of elders that is now dominant in South and Southeast Asia |
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| the "Great Vehicle" that was the dominant school of Buddhism in Tibet and East Asia; the Mahayana philosophical schools developed cosmological theories of Buddhahood and envisioned the universe as permeated by bodhisattvas, some of whom were like deities and the focus of ritual veneration |
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| the Buddha's teaching, one of the three refuges; more broadly, the truth at the center of Buddhism, the basis for realizing enlightenment |
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| worship, feeding, and petitioning of the souls of dead ancestors at family graves, temples or home altars |
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| a Korean politican who was official Head of State |
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| Japanese form of the name Bodhisattva |
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| political and cultural reform in China in 1960's, aimed at restoring principles associated with Mao Zedong |
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| Vietamnese Buddhist monk who now lives in France bc he was exiled, zen monk, |
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| practice of attempting to foretell future events or discover hidden knowlege by occult or supernatural means |
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| describes how opposites are interconnected and interdependent in the natural world |
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| tranforming or enchanting power |
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| reason that Buddhism became the state religion because use to be just for elite |
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| deity of the sun and most important deity of the Shinto. Claimed to be ancestor of Japanese imperial family |
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| Five Relationships of Confucianism |
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Definition
| Father to Son, Elder Brother to Junior Brother, Husband to Wife, Friend to Friend, Ruler to Subject |
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| Six Arts of Confucian education |
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| Rites, Music, Archery, Charioteering, Calligraphy, Mathematics= a perfect gentleman |
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| a political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source |
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| in China, to kneel and touch the forehead to the ground to show respect |
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| a town in Uganda of the shore of Lake Victoria |
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| Japanese New Year rituals |
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Definition
| striking of end of year bell, |
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Definition
| a Chinese system that studies people's relationships to their enviroment in order to achieve maximum harmoney with the spiritual forces believed to influence all spaces |
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| political system in which all property and wealth is owned in a classless society by all members of the society |
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| founder and spiritual master of Falun Gong |
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| Japanese name for the monk Bodhidharma who brought a meditation-centerd Buddhist tradition to China, which would be called Zen in Japan |
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| a syncretistic Japanese cult combining elements of Buddhism, Hinduism, and Christianity, also known as Supreme Truth Cult |
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| a new Korean school of Buddhism; it ritualizes worship of a picture of a black circle in a white blackground symbolizing the cosmic body of Buddha |
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| a nondenominational movement founded in US which emphasizes self knowledge as a means of realizing full spiritual potential |
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| new religious movement founded in Detroit, to improve the spirtiual, mental, economic, and social conditions of African Americans |
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| Christianity where there will be a period of paradise on Earth |
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| worldview based on idea that important matters are hidden from view and will soon be released in a major way that will change course of history |
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| founder of Japanese Buddhist group Aleph |
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| a large central square in Beijing that is a traditional site for festivals, rallies, and deomonstrations |
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| political thesis of Kim-Il Sung which says that Korean masses are the master's of country's development |
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| "Record of the Ancient Matters", a product of the commands of Japanese emperor Temmu |
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| 2nd oldest history book about ancient history of Japan |
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| China, a period where small feuding kingdoms struggled for supremacy, age of Confucian thinkers and time when many institutions were established |
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| Chinese scholar and philosopher, taught that humanity is evil and nature can only be good through rigorous training |
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| classic text of chinese philosophy, presents a way of life intended to restore harmony and tranquility to a kingdom racked by disorder, promotes a course of nonaction |
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| an approach to medical care that emphasizes the study of all aspects of a person's health including physical, physcological, social, economic, and cultural factors |
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| Arianism was denounced and Nicene Creed was formulated |
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| a collections of sayings attributed to the "living" Jesus |
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| most important disciple of Jesus, did much to advance Christianity among gentiles |
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| a movement which was an attempt to reform the Catholic church but ended in division and establishment of new institutions |
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| "presence of Christ" another term for Second Coming |
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| in Hinduism, a trinity consisting of Brahma the creator, Vishnu the preserver, and Shiva the destroyer |
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| in Hinduism, any of several books regarding rituals, disciplines, meditation composed in the form of dialogues between Shiva and Agama |
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